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Biology Labs - first year > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transporting gasses to/from lungs and tissue Transporting nutrients from digestive organs to cells. Transports waste products from cells to kidneys, sweat glands and lungs. Transports hormones from endocrine glands to cells Regulate pH, temperature and water content. Prevents body fluid Protects against toxins and microbes.

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2
Q

How much of our body weight does blood make up?

A

8%

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3
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

55% plasma 45 % Formed elements ( Buffy coat(this makes up less than 1%) + erythrocytes)

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4
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

91.5% water 8.5% solutes ( plasma proteins,fibrinogen,hormones, nutrients,dissolved gasses, waste products, electrolytes)

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5
Q

What are key features of erythrocytes (Red blood cell)?

A

No nucleus Biconcave shape Carry oxygen via their haem groups. (280 million haemoglobins in total roughly)

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6
Q

What is haemopoiesis/Haematopoiesis?

A

Formation of new blood cells.

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7
Q

What are the three types of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes ( cells containing large granules) Agranulocytes (cells that do not contain large granules) Thrombocytes (platelets)

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8
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils

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9
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes Monocytes

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10
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

A mixture of leukocytes and platelets.

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11
Q

What are the two ways of stem cells giving rise to other blood cells?

A

Monophyletic- one stem cell gives rise to all blood cells Polyphyletic- each blood cell has its own stem cell.

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12
Q

What type of system is haemopoiesis?

A

A limited polyphyletic system.

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13
Q

What are the five phases of development of every blood cell?

A
  1. Commitment of the stem cell 2. Proliferation 3. Differentiation 4. Maturation 5. Release
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14
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Formation of red blood cells

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15
Q

How many days can erythrocytes survive in the blood?

A

120 days

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16
Q

How is the process of erythropoiesis stimulated?

A

Hypoxia occurs due to decreased RBC count thus there is a decreased availability of O2. Therefore tissue demand for O2 increases. This causes erythropoietin to be released by the kidneys. This stimulates bone marrow for enhanced erythopoiesis to occur.

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17
Q

How is blood type determined?

A

By the antigens (agglutinogens) on the surface of the red blood cell.

18
Q

How does Blood typing work and who can donate and receive from who?

A

The body of a person carries the antibody (agglutinin) to the antigen they do not posses. Thus if type A blood is given to a type B individual an immune reaction will occur and the blood will coagulate. Since individuals with type AB blood have no antibodies they are ‘universal recipients’ as they can receive any blood group, while type O blood is the ‘universal donor’ as it posses neither antigen.

19
Q

What does it mean to have a rhesus group as part of your blood type?

A

The rhesus blood grouping relies on the presence of 6 antigens; C, D, E, c, d, e. Only C, D, and E cause immune reactions. If an individual posses any of these antigens they are said to be Rh+, otherwise they are Rh-. Most people are Rh+.

20
Q

Why can Rh+ blood be given to someone that is Rh- only once?

A

The body does not usually contain the antibodies to these rhesus antigens, and they take several months to form. The wrong rhesus group can therefore be administered once (thereafter the antibodies are present).

21
Q

What are properties of granulocytes?

A

Have granules in their cytoplasm Tend to have lobed nuclei

22
Q

What are some properties of agranulocytes?

A

No granules in cytoplasm Tend to have regular shaped nuclei

23
Q

What is the function of granulocytes and monocytes collectively (but not lymphocytes)?

A

Protect the body via phagocytosis

24
Q

What is the primamry function of lymphocytes?

A

They are involved in the immune response.

25
Q

What are some key properties of neutrophils?

A

Granular cytoplasm Accounts for 60-70% of all white blood cells/leukocytes They have a diameter of 10-15 µm and a nucleus composed of 2-5 sausage-shaped lobes.

26
Q

How do leukocytes leave the vascular system?

A

By the process of diapedesis

27
Q

What needs to happen before diapedesis occurs?

A

Margination- the act of the cell adhereing to the cell wall (in this case the capillary wall).

28
Q

How are objects recognised as foreign?

A

By roughness Difference in charge Presence of antibodies as flags.

29
Q

What happens in phagocytosis?

A

When a white blood cell encounters a ‘foreign’ object it grows pseudopodia, enclosing the object in a phagocytic vesicle called a phagosome. A lysosome containing proteolytic enzymes fuses to this phagosome creating a phagolysosome. Proteolytic enzymes released by lysozymes then destroy the object. (Hydrogen peroxide also results in the production of chlorine.) Eventually the neutrophil itself is destroyed and in turn phagocytosed by monocytes.

30
Q

What are the key properties of monocytes?

A

They are agranular (12-20 µm in diameter). They mature into large macrophages (80 µm) only within extravascular tissue. Powerful phagocytes.

31
Q

What are some key properties of basophils?

A

Basophils have a diameter of ca 10-15 µm and account for 0.5-2% of all leukocytes. Their nucleus is often Sshaped and their cytoplasm contains large granules They are weak phagocytes that contain histamine, heparin, serotonin, and are therefore important in the inflammatory response & allergic reactions. They may mature into mast cells

32
Q

What are the key properties pf eosinophils?

A

Eosinophils are granulocytes and make up 1-4% of all white blood cells. They are 9 µm in diameter and have a bilobed nucleus.

33
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Their function is to detoxify foreign proteins and they have a possible role in blood clotting and phagocytosis of the antibody-antigen complex.

34
Q

What are the key properties of lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes develop from their own stem cell. T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus, B-lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow

35
Q

What do T-lymphocytes do?

A

T-lymphocytes mediate cellular immunity in which the whole cell ‘attacks’ the invader.

36
Q

What do B-lymphocytes do?

A

B-lymphocytes mediate humoural immunity via plasma cells producing antibodies.

37
Q

What are key characteristics of a thrombocyte?

A

2 µm in diameter 5-14 day life span. no nucleus

38
Q

What produces a thrombocytes?

A

A megakerocyte (160µm). These disintergrate to form 4000 platelets.

39
Q

What are the three phases of haemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular phase (endothelial cells produce chemicals which cause;) - vascular spasm - division of endothelial cells, smooth muscles etc.. - endothelial cells to become ‘sticky’ 2. Platelet phase - platelets adhere to the damaged endothelium and aggregate to form a platelet plug. (If the damage is not too severe this is enough repair the ‘wound’) 3. Coagulation - this occurs via both an extrinsic route (chemicals released by endothelial cells) and an intrinsic pathway (signals initiated by the blood itself)
40
Q

Describe in more detail the process of coagulation.

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways involving enzyme cascades result in the production of substance X and prothrombin activator. Promothrombin activator converts a plasma protein (prothrombin) into thrombin, which converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads. Fibrin threads stabilise and form a net that makes up the eventual clot.

41
Q

How long does coagulation/clot formation take?

A

Depending on the pathway, clot formation occurs in 15 secs - 18 mins. On average it takes 3-6 mins

Biology Labs - first year (5 decks)

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