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Ichthyology > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define allometric growth

A

Changes in body proportions during maturation

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2
Q

Total length

A

Straight-line distance from most anterior point of the fish to the tip of the caudal fin

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3
Q

Standard length

A

Most anterior tip of fish to end of vertebral column at base of caudal fin

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4
Q

Hypural plate

A

Internal structure in teleosts marking the end of the vertebral column

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5
Q

How to find hypural plate

A

Bend caudal fin laterally near the base - crease marks end of vertebral column

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6
Q

Snout-vent length

A

Distance from tip of snout to opening of anus

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7
Q

Fork length

A

Distance from most anterior tip of fish to middle of the fork of the caudal fin
Can only be measured where the caudal fin has a distinct fork or indentation

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8
Q

Head length

A

Distance from most anterior point of fish to the most posterior extension of operculum
Includes any membranous flap on operculum
In skates, rays and sharks goes to base of the most posterior gill slit

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9
Q

Maximum depth of body

A

Maximum vertical height of body not including fins

Located about 1/3 of the length from snout in active swimmers, such as the perch

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10
Q

Minimum depth of caudal peduncle

A

Minimum vertical height of trunk region between posterior insertion of anal fin and caudal fin

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11
Q

Three types of fin rays

A

Spiny
Heavy spinous
Soft

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12
Q

Features of spiny rays

A

Usually stiff and sharp (but not always)

Unsegmented + unbranched

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13
Q

Features of spinous rays

A

Stiff + often have sharp barbs on posterior edge (eg in catfish)
Not true spiny rays but thickened, hardened soft rays

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14
Q

Features of soft rays

A

Usually branched and clearly segmented

Usually occur on posterior portion of a fin behind spinous rays

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15
Q

Cleithrum

A

Shoulder girdle

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16
Q

External nares

A

Nostrils
Not connected to oral cavity - blind-ended sacs
Sensory organs ONLY

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17
Q

Protective layer on outside of eye

A

Cornea

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18
Q

Specialised cells in the retina

A

Rods + cones

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19
Q

Caniniform

A

Pointed, elongated teeth

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20
Q

Incisoriform

A

Blade-like teeth

Sharp, cutting edge with broad base

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21
Q

Molaiform

A

Blunt, flattened teeth

For grinding + crushing

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22
Q

Cirri

A

Small, fleshy projections from fish head
Chemosensory (taste) or mechanosensry function
Not present in all fishes

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23
Q

Branchiostegal rays

A

Parallel, bony struts arranged like ribs of bellow or a fan
Connect membrane of skin below and between the two sides of the lower jaw or mandible
Stretch -> expand buccal cavity -> draw in water
Support gill membranes

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24
Q

Isthmus

A

Skin connecting two sides of lower jaw on ventral side of head

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25
Q

Classification of gill membranes

A

Free or separate - not joined to isthmus or to each other
United - joined to each other across, but not to, the isthmus
Joined to the isthmus

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26
Q

Barbels

A

Fleshy, hair-like projections on the chin or around the mouth
Chemosensory or mechanosensory function
Cods, catfishes + sturgeons

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27
Q

Finlets

A

Numerous small, flag-like projections between main dorsal fins and caudal fin or anal fin
Present in fast swimming fish such as tuna

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28
Q

Function of anal fin

A

Stabiliser to prevent roll

Usually absent from bottom dwelling species

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29
Q

Heterocercal tail

A

Upper lobe of caudal fin is larger

Posterior end of vertebral column extends into upper lobe of caudal fin

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30
Q

Homocercal tail

A

Symmetrical

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31
Q

Neuromasts

A

Specialised sense organs in lateral line system
Nerve endings are sensitive to subtle changes in pressure in the water
Usually more concentrated at head end of lateral line

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32
Q

Ctenoid scales

A

Common in fishes with at least one spiny ray in the dorsal fin
Common in flatfishes such as halibut and flounders on their uppermost surface
Comb-like projections (ctenii) on exposed edge of scales

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33
Q

Placoid scales

A

Sometimes called dermal denticles
Characteristic of Chondrichthyes
Unlayered, tooth-like scales

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34
Q

Ganoid scales

A

Heavy + plate-like

Form a bony armour

35
Q

Cycloid scales

A

Thin + round
Flat overlapping scales
In most soft-rayed fishes

36
Q

Ctenii

A

Comb-like projections on exposed edge of ctenoid scales

37
Q

Circuli

A

Growth rings in fish that have seasonal variations in growth

Faster growth -> rings further apart

38
Q

Axial muscles

A

Make up most of the mass of the trunk

39
Q

Myomeres

A

Form W-shaped blocks in axial muscles

40
Q

Electroplaques

A

Arrangement of axial muscles in fish that are able to produce electric current
Insulating layers between muscles + skin -> act like a storage battery to accumulate electrical charge

41
Q

Physostomous condition

A

Fish that have a duct connecting the swim bladder to the mouth in bony fish
Ancestral
Used to breathe atmospheric air during periods of drought

42
Q

Physoclistous condition

A

Fish that do not have a duct connecting the swim bladder to the mouth
More advanced bony fish

43
Q

Pyloric ceca

A

Blunt-ended finger-like projections extending into the stomach
Over 100 in salmonids
Increase absorptive surface area of stomach

44
Q

Mesentery

A

Surrounds the intestine

May contain yellow-orange fat deposits

45
Q

Function of spleen

A

Produces new blood cells and destroys old ones

46
Q

Function of reproductive ducts

A

Conduct gametes from gonads to outside for fertilisation

47
Q

Function of cerebral hemispheres of forebrain

A

Sense of smell

48
Q

Cerebellum

A

Hindbrain

49
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

Co-ordinates muscular movement and adjusts spatial equilibrium
Integrates info from lateral line + inner eat

50
Q

Elongated body form

A

Fusiform

51
Q

Anguilliform

A

Eel-like

Greatly elongated

52
Q

Ovate body form

A

Truncated

Shortened

53
Q

Compressiform

A

Thin, narrow, deep

Eg. angel fish

54
Q

Depressiform

A

Flattened

55
Q

Globiform

A

Subcircular
Hemispherical
Eg. pufferfish

56
Q

Holobranch

A

Bony gill arch supporting gill filaments

Four on each side of gill cavity in most fish

57
Q

Hemibranch

A

Reduced gill arch

Attached to underside of operculum

58
Q

Gill rakers

A

Extensions of gill arches
Project inwards
Prevent food particles passing out with flow of respiratory water

59
Q

Agnathans

A

Jawless fishes

60
Q

Ostracoderms

A

500 million years ago (Cambrian period)
Jawless fishes
Successful for 100 million years

61
Q

Surviving ostracoderms today

A

Lampreys + hagfishes

62
Q

Differences between hagfish and lampreys

A

Hagfish have single nostril opening into the mouth, lampreys do not
Lampreys have well developed eyes, hagfishes do not
Lampreys have well-developed lateral line system, hagfish do not

63
Q

Ammocoetes

A

Filter-feeding larval stage of lampreys

64
Q

Lamprey teeth

A

Made of keratin

Derived from the skin

65
Q

Which (hagfish or lampreys) have dorsal fins?

A

Lampreys

66
Q

Which (hagfish or lampreys) have pre-anal fins?

A

Hagfish

67
Q

Origin of the jaw

A

Hinged gill supports modified for improved feeding efficiency

68
Q

Number of dorsal fins in sharks

A

Never more than two

69
Q

Most sharks have ___ gill slits

A

5 but can have 6 or 7

70
Q

Function of spiracles in sharks

A

Accessory water intake when mouth is feeding

71
Q

Carchariniformes

A

Largest order of sharks

Hammerheads, requiem sharks, blue sharks and cat sharks

72
Q

Rajiformes

A

Rays and skates

73
Q

What order do rays and skates belong to?

A

Rajiformes

74
Q

Position of gill openings on a skate

A

Ventral

75
Q

The anterior edge of skate’s pectoral fin is attached to…

A

Side of the head

76
Q

The sting on an electric ray is a modified…

A

Caudal muscle

77
Q

Basking shark feeding method

A

Filter feeder

Traps plankton in gill rakers

78
Q

Differences between skates and rays

A

Skates are oviparous (lay eggs), rays are viviparous (live births)
Skates have distinct dorsal fins, rays have lost or is vestigial
Skates pelvic fin is divided into two lobes, rays have just one
Skates have a fleshy tail, rays have a whip=like tail with 1-2 stinging spines
Skates are usually smaller
Rays usually inhabit shallower water (although not always)

79
Q

Holocephali

A

Chimaeras + ratfish
First definitive fossils from Jurassic period 200 million years ago but could be much earlier
Cartilaginous skeleton + internal fertilisation

80
Q

Autostylic jaw suspension

A

Upper jaw is connected directly to cranium, lower jaw is directly attached

81
Q

Protection for gills in chimaeras

A

Calcified opercular plate

Not present in any other fish

82
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

Sensing organs - jelly-filled pores
Electroreceptors
Common in sharks, rays + chimaeras

83
Q

Function of head clasper in male ratfish

A

Stimulate female during courtship

Ichthyology (5 decks)

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