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Parasitology LAB > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

• confirm a clinical impression that the condition has a parasitic nature;
• rule out differential diagnoses;
• aid a clinician in the choice of proper medication;
• and help in monitoring the effect of a treatment regimen.

A

Parasitology Laboratory

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2
Q

_______ is a disease that is characterized by diarrhea and contains both blood and mucus (macroscopic examination).

A

Dysentery

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3
Q

Diagnosis through clinical signs and stated symptoms, but confirmed by ____________.

A

Dysentery
microscopic examination

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4
Q

Feces: no forms of bacteria are identified as trophozoites

A

Bacillary dysentery

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5
Q

Feces: trophozoites present

A

Amoebic dysentery

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6
Q

factors that generate reliable results:

A

• proper collection, handling, and processing of specimens prior to examination
• the skill of the laboratory analyst (examiner)
• the quality of equipment used in the examination.

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7
Q

There are two ways of diagnosing parasitic infections:

A

• Definitive Diagnosis
• Presumptive evidence of infection

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8
Q

Demonstration of parasite or parasite components

A

Definitive Diagnosis

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9
Q

Detection of host immune response (humoral) to the parasites

A

presumptive evidence of infection

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10
Q

Scolex

A

Taenia saginata

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11
Q

Factors that generate reliable result

A

• proper collection, handling, and processing of specimens prior to examination
• the skill of the laboratory analyst (examiner)
• the quality of equipment used in the examination.

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12
Q

Collection and Processing: Environmental Samples

A

Water sample
Soil sample

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13
Q

• Species found in water sample
• Procedures:

A

• Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp.
• EPA Method 1623
Modified Method 1623

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14
Q

The process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent

A

Elution

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15
Q

EPA 1623 Procedure

A
  1. Sampling
  2. Transport
  3. Elution (1)
  4. Elution (2)
  5. Concentration
  6. Enrichment
  7. Detection
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16
Q

• Parasites found in soil sample
• Procedure:

A

• Protozoan and Helminths Hookworms (filariform larvae)

Procedure:
• Collect using auger/spade 20 cm deep
• Put in sterile plastic bags
• Sent to lab for immediate processing

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17
Q

organism that can exist either as a parasite or as free-living organism

A

Amphizoic

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18
Q

Collection and Processing: Human Biological Samples

A

Urine
Stool
Perianal swab
Sputum
Aspirates
Blood
CSF

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19
Q

Organisms found in urine
_______ & _______

• Terminal urine specimen (last 10-20mL) - 24-hrs
• Excretion of eggs - highest around midday
• In case of delay: 0.5 mL of 10% formalin to prevent eggs from hatching

A

Trichomonas vaginalis (trophozoites) and Schistosoma haematobium (eggs)

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20
Q

_______ can sometimes be found in the urine of patients with a heavy filarial infection.

A

Microfilariae

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21
Q

• _________- Most common (intestinal in origin)
• ______ grams in sterile containers
• Prevent contamination w/ urine Immediate processing In case of delay: Preservatives

A

• Stool
• 3-5 grams

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22
Q

Consistency of stool:
________ - diarrheic stool (trophozoites)
________ - cysts, helminth eggs, and larvae

A

• Watery/Loose
• Formed/Hard or Semi-formed/Soft

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23
Q

Present organism in stool

Procedure:
•
•
•

A

Tapeworm proglottids, and adult worms Blood, mucus, and pus ni ⁶

Procedure:
Ocular Micrometer calibration
Processing of stool sample
Examining the mounted slides microscopically

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24
Q

What organism can be found in perianal swab

A

Enterobius vermicularis

25
Q

• scotch tape
• tongue depressor
• glass slide PPE (gloves and mask) - Highly infective

  • Collect early in the day, before taking a bath
A

Perianal swab

26
Q

Organism present in sputum

A

Paragonimus westermani

27
Q

Lung migration (larval stages of ASH):
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Strongyloides stercolaris
• Hookworms
• E. histolytica (trophozoite)
• Echinococcus granulosus (Scolex)

Procedure for deep sputum: rinse mouth with water and expel the sputum by _______ and ______ at ___-minutes interval

A

breathing and coughing
2

28
Q

Direct wet mount using saline or iodine N-acetyl-L-cysteine (mucolytic) Centrifugation

A

Sputum

29
Q

Body fluids smeared and stained on glass slides

A

Aspirates

30
Q

Aspirates

Duodenal - ________ & _________

Liver and Lung - ________

A

Giardia lamblia, Strongyloides stercoralis

E. histolytica

31
Q

Entero Test or Nasogastric intubation

A

Aspirates

32
Q

Organisms found in blood

A

Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma spp. Plasmodium and Babesia spp

33
Q

BLOOD

Thick and thin blood smear using ______ stain

Serum for serologic tests to detect ______ in a patient

A

Giemsa stain
antibodies

34
Q

Organisms found in CSF

A

Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba spp. (also obtained in corneal scrapings)

35
Q

CSF

Cultured on non-nutrient agar seeded with ______.

Other pathogen recovered form central nervous system
_________
_________
_________

A

Escherichia coli

Trypanosoma spp. (trypomastigote) Toxoplasma gondii
Taeniasolium solium cysticercus larvae

36
Q

• Lumbar Puncture
• Centrifuged
• Examined in wet mount for trophozoites or permanent stained smears

A

CSF

37
Q

A. Macroscopic examination
Ex. stool specimen examined with the naked eye for:

A

• occult blood
• parasite component
• color
• consistency

38
Q

B. Microscopic examination Elements that may be found in stool specimens

A

• White blood cells
Polymorphonuclears (PMNs)
Eosinophils
Macrophages
• Red blood cells
• Charcot-Leyden crystals
• Epithelial cells
• Eggs of arthropods
• Fungal spores
• Elements of plant origin
• Animal hairs

39
Q

• stains intestinal protozoa
• helminth egg and larvae may be obscured
• good stain for fresh, PVA, or SAF-preserved fecal smears

A

Iron-hematoxylin Stain

40
Q

• one of the most commonly used stain for intestinal protozoa
• stain for fresh and PVA-preserved but not w/ SAF-preserved smears

A

Wheatley’s Trichrome Stain

41
Q

• one of the most commonly used stain for intestinal protozoa
• stain for fresh and PVA-preserved but not w/ SAF-preserved smears

A

Wheatley’s Trichrome Stain

42
Q

• one of the most commonly used stain for intestinal protozoa
• stain for fresh and PVA-preserved but not w/ SAF-preserved smears

A

Wheatley’s Trichrome Stain

43
Q

Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Cyclospora

A

Acid-Fast Stain

44
Q

is produced in response to a particular parasitic infection

A

Antibody

45
Q

may persist for a long period of time in the serum after an infection has ended

A

Antibody

46
Q

unable to distinguish between past or present infection

A

Antibody detection

47
Q

Gold standard

A

Microscopy

48
Q

• presence of rhabditiform larvae
• Distinguish bet. Strongyloides sp. and hookworm
• development of into filariform stage filariform larvae will generally move downwards

A

Harada-Mori or Test Tube Culture Method

49
Q

Culture Methods

A

• Harada-Mori or Test Tube Culture Method
• Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN)
(Hemoflagellates)

50
Q

___________ - Animal inoculation

• Lab-cultured bug/reduviid bug/kissing bug takes a blood meal on the patient
• The bugs are dissected after _____ days to examine for T. cruzi epimastigote

A

Xenodiagnosis

20-25

51
Q

The stool specimen can be analyzed using molecular techniques such as ____________.

A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

52
Q

PCR amplified fragments can be analyzed by:
• using ________
• _______ if further characterization is needed.

A

• restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)
• DNA sequencing

53
Q

Ova and Parasite (O&P) Examination
(Present organisms)

A

eggs, larvae, adults, trophozoites, cysts

54
Q

Waste product or substance formed in the digestive tract and excreted out through the rectum (rear end).

A

Feces (stool)

55
Q

• Feces comes from the Latin word “_____,“
• It means “_____.” (__) means ___________________.

A

faex
dregs
the most undesirable part

56
Q

Feces are also known as stool. Stool comes from the Anglo Saxon word “_____,” which means “______”

A

stol
seat

57
Q

Purpose of examining stool:

A

• To identify intestinal parasitic infection associated
• To identify chronic infection with serious complication
• To identify parasitic causes of blood and mucus
• To assist in surveillance & control of parasitic infection

58
Q

Potential risks with stool specimens includes:

These risks can be minimized:

A

• ingestion of eggs or cysts,
• skin penetration by infective larvae,
• infection by non-parasitic agents

• by adopting universal precautions
• by adopting standard microbiological laboratory practices

Parasitology LAB (3 decks)

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