Lab 06 Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards
What is interstitial fluid
Fluid found in the spaces around cells.
What are Fenestrations
tiny opening, or pore, within the single layer (tunica
intima) making up a capillary’s wall.
How does the lymphatic system maintain Cardiac Output
It maintains CO by capturing the
excess tissue fluid lost through the “leaky” capillaries, and return it back to the circulatory system. This
maintains the blood volume, so that a resting cardiac output (CO)of ~ 5 liters/min is maintained.
Lymphatic Capillaries
are tiny closed-end vessels that pick up the excess tissue fluid lost by the “leaky”
capillaries.
Lymph
After entering a lymphatic capillary interstitial fluid
is called lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic capillaries combine to form lymphatic vessels, the tube-like structures which carry
lymphatic fluid throughout the lymphatic system.
Lympahtic valves
prevent a backflow of lymph (extensions of the tunica intima or endothelium of lymphatic vessels)
Skeletal muscle pump
circulate lymph. This consists of a group of skeletal muscles compressing the lymphatic vessels, propelling the lymph along through the lymphatic vasculature.
Lymph node
a small, lymphocyte rich bean-shaped structure that filters substances traveling through the lymphatic
system.
Body regions with many lymph nodes
cervical, supraclavicular (above the collar bones or clavicles), axillary, abdominal,
pelvic, and inguinal
Capsule
A lymph node is surrounded by a protective capsule which made of connective tissue and collagen
Cortex
the outer portion of the node, underneath the capsule and the subcapsular sinus.
Medulla
the innermost layer of the lymph node and contains large blood vessels, sinuses, and medullary cords
Germinal Center
a specialized microstructure that forms in secondary lymphoid tissues, producing long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells, which can provide protection against reinfection.
Hilum
the point at which arteries carrying nutrients and lymphocytes enter the lymph node and veins leave it.
Afferent vessels
bringing lymphatic fluid into
the node.
Efferent vessels
blood vessels exit the node
right lymphatic duct
a terminal lymphatic vessel located in the neck, anterior to the anterior scalene muscle
thoracic duct
to transport lymph back into the circulatory system.
Galt
essential components of whole body immune defense
Peyer’s patches
groupings of lymphoid follicles in the mucus membrane that lines your small intestine
ileum
helps to further digest food coming from the stomach and other parts of the small intestine.
Cisterna chyli
a lymphatic structure found at the caudal end of the thoracic duct that receives lymph draining from the abdominal and pelvic viscera and lower limbs.
Viscera
The soft internal organs of the body, including the lungs, the heart, and the organs of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.
Mesentery
a continuous folded band of membranous tissue (peritoneum) that is attached to the wall of the abdomen and encloses the viscera
Leukocytes
WBCs, Leukocytes are part of the body’s immune system. They help the body fight infection and other diseases.
Granulocytes
a white blood cell with secretory granules in its cytoplasm
Agranulocytes
A type of white blood cell (Monocytes and lymphocytes) does not have granules
Antigen-presenting cells
A type of immune cell that boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system
Anti-body
immunoglobulin proteins
Neutralization
The process of neutralizing a pathogen by antibody acting on the receptors or specific antigen
Pseudopodium
temporary projections of the cytoplasm of a cell.
Histamine
a compound which is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.
Vasodilation
the dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.
Heparin
an anticoagulan used to decrease the clotting ability of the blood and help prevent harmful clots from forming in blood vessels.
Coagulation
the process by which a blood clot is formed in order to stop bleeding.
Differential white blood cell count
gives the relative percentage of each type of white blood cell and also helps to reveal abnormal white blood cell populations
Basophil
A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during allergic reactions and asthma. A basophil is a type of white blood cell and a type of granulocyte. Enlarge. Blood cells.
Lymphocyte
A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and is found in the blood and in lymph tissue. The two main types of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes make antibodies, and T lymphocytes help kill tumor cells and help control immune responses.
Eosinophil
Eosinophils are a type of disease-fighting white blood cell. This condition most often indicates a parasitic infection, an allergic reaction or cancer. You can have high levels of eosinophils in your blood (blood eosinophilia) or in tissues at the site of an infection or inflammation (tissue eosinophilia).
Neutrophil
A type of white blood cell that is an important part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection. When microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, enter the body, neutrophils are one of the first immune cells to respond.
Monocyte
A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and travels through the blood to tissues in the body where it becomes a macrophage or a dendritic cell.
