Lab 06 Lymphatic and Immune System

Question 1

What is interstitial fluid

Answer 1

Fluid found in the spaces around cells.

Question 2

What are Fenestrations

Answer 2

tiny opening, or pore, within the single layer (tunica
intima) making up a capillary’s wall.

Question 3

How does the lymphatic system maintain Cardiac Output

Answer 3

It maintains CO by capturing the
excess tissue fluid lost through the “leaky” capillaries, and return it back to the circulatory system. This
maintains the blood volume, so that a resting cardiac output (CO)of ~ 5 liters/min is maintained.

Question 4

Lymphatic Capillaries

Answer 4

are tiny closed-end vessels that pick up the excess tissue fluid lost by the “leaky”
capillaries.

Question 5

Lymph

Answer 5

After entering a lymphatic capillary interstitial fluid
is called lymph

Question 6

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 6

Lymphatic capillaries combine to form lymphatic vessels, the tube-like structures which carry
lymphatic fluid throughout the lymphatic system.

Question 7

Lympahtic valves

Answer 7

prevent a backflow of lymph (extensions of the tunica intima or endothelium of lymphatic vessels)

Question 8

Skeletal muscle pump

Answer 8

circulate lymph. This consists of a group of skeletal muscles compressing the lymphatic vessels, propelling the lymph along through the lymphatic vasculature.

Question 9

Lymph node

Answer 9

a small, lymphocyte rich bean-shaped structure that filters substances traveling through the lymphatic
system.

Question 10

Body regions with many lymph nodes

Answer 10

cervical, supraclavicular (above the collar bones or clavicles), axillary, abdominal,
pelvic, and inguinal

Question 11

Capsule

Answer 11

A lymph node is surrounded by a protective capsule which made of connective tissue and collagen

Question 12

Cortex

Answer 12

the outer portion of the node, underneath the capsule and the subcapsular sinus.

Question 13

Medulla

Answer 13

the innermost layer of the lymph node and contains large blood vessels, sinuses, and medullary cords

Question 14

Germinal Center

Answer 14

a specialized microstructure that forms in secondary lymphoid tissues, producing long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells, which can provide protection against reinfection.

Question 15

Hilum

Answer 15

the point at which arteries carrying nutrients and lymphocytes enter the lymph node and veins leave it.

Question 16

Afferent vessels

Answer 16

bringing lymphatic fluid into
the node.

Question 17

Efferent vessels

Answer 17

blood vessels exit the node

Question 18

right lymphatic duct

Answer 18

a terminal lymphatic vessel located in the neck, anterior to the anterior scalene muscle

Question 19

thoracic duct

Answer 19

to transport lymph back into the circulatory system.

Question 20

Galt

Answer 20

essential components of whole body immune defense

Question 21

Peyer’s patches

Answer 21

groupings of lymphoid follicles in the mucus membrane that lines your small intestine

Question 22

ileum

Answer 22

helps to further digest food coming from the stomach and other parts of the small intestine.

Question 23

Cisterna chyli

Answer 23

a lymphatic structure found at the caudal end of the thoracic duct that receives lymph draining from the abdominal and pelvic viscera and lower limbs.

Question 24

Viscera

Answer 24

The soft internal organs of the body, including the lungs, the heart, and the organs of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.

Question 25

Mesentery

Answer 25

a continuous folded band of membranous tissue (peritoneum) that is attached to the wall of the abdomen and encloses the viscera

Question 26

Leukocytes

Answer 26

WBCs, Leukocytes are part of the body’s immune system. They help the body fight infection and other diseases.

Question 27

Granulocytes

Answer 27

a white blood cell with secretory granules in its cytoplasm

Question 28

Agranulocytes

Answer 28

A type of white blood cell (Monocytes and lymphocytes) does not have granules

Question 29

Antigen-presenting cells

Answer 29

A type of immune cell that boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system

Question 30

Anti-body

Answer 30

immunoglobulin proteins

Question 31

Neutralization

Answer 31

The process of neutralizing a pathogen by antibody acting on the receptors or specific antigen

Question 32

Pseudopodium

Answer 32

temporary projections of the cytoplasm of a cell.

Question 33

Histamine

Answer 33

a compound which is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.

Question 34

Vasodilation

Answer 34

the dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.

Question 35

Heparin

Answer 35

an anticoagulan used to decrease the clotting ability of the blood and help prevent harmful clots from forming in blood vessels.

Question 36

Coagulation

Answer 36

the process by which a blood clot is formed in order to stop bleeding.

Question 37

Differential white blood cell count

Answer 37

gives the relative percentage of each type of white blood cell and also helps to reveal abnormal white blood cell populations

Question 38

Basophil

Answer 38

A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during allergic reactions and asthma. A basophil is a type of white blood cell and a type of granulocyte. Enlarge. Blood cells.

Question 39

Lymphocyte

Answer 39

A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and is found in the blood and in lymph tissue. The two main types of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes make antibodies, and T lymphocytes help kill tumor cells and help control immune responses.

Question 40

Eosinophil

Answer 40

Eosinophils are a type of disease-fighting white blood cell. This condition most often indicates a parasitic infection, an allergic reaction or cancer. You can have high levels of eosinophils in your blood (blood eosinophilia) or in tissues at the site of an infection or inflammation (tissue eosinophilia).

Question 41

Neutrophil

Answer 41

A type of white blood cell that is an important part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection. When microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, enter the body, neutrophils are one of the first immune cells to respond.

Question 42

Monocyte

Answer 42

A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and travels through the blood to tissues in the body where it becomes a macrophage or a dendritic cell.