LA Test Review Flashcards
What are the risks with a feedlot?
- non-vaccinated cattle
- recent weaning
- transportation and handling
- sudden or extreme changes in weather
- commingling of cattle from various sources.
Understanding these will result in minimal stress and decreased injury risk to both cattle and handlers when moving cattle;
Cattle behaviour, herd instinct, flight zone and point of balance, and reactions.
Who enforces the federal requirements for animal transport?
CFIA
Increased animal density in pens results in?
Increased competitive interactions among cattle.
A herd of cows are due to be bred in a months time. What is their target BCS for this stage?
2.5
Feedlot cattle are at a higher risk of illness during certain times of year due the stress of?
Weaning and transportation
A group of cattle are showing signs including open mouth panting, labored breathing, and have froth around their mouth. What type of extreme weather may they have been exposed to?
High heat, high humidity
Which of the following does NOT contribute to a VCPR?
DVM meets with the client/producer at least 4 times a year to review protocols for herd management, and examination of animals and facilities.
If cattle are expected to travel for more than 24 hours, they must have received food and water?
Within 5 hours prior to travel.
Which behavioral signs may indicate an insufficient food and/or water supply? (select all that apply)
Breaking through fences, increased vocalization, roaming
Cattle will drink ______ liters of water per day.
26-66L
Lambs can be fed a particular diet right before weaning; what is that type of feed called?
Creep feed
During hot conditions sheep will graze?
Early and late in the day.
Feed systems for sheep fed together should allow for?
All sheep to feed at the same time comfortably.
This can be a great asset to a producer when moving or herding sheep;
A well-trained herding dog.
When handling sheep, this task can cause pain, injury, and stress to the animal;
Grabbing the sheep by their fleece/wool.
Which of the following might compromise the welfare of sheep?
Sheep exposed to cold, wet, and windy conditions that still have their wool.
This is a serious welfare issue for sheep that results in multiple wounds under the wool;
Fly-strike
Sheep must be housed where they have visual contact with other sheep to avoid?
Isolation stress.
Sheep observed eating while kneeling down can indicate?
Inappropriate trough height.
Which of the following is/are considered acceptable flooring for sheep?
Straw on snow
What are the types of colic?
Strangulation
Sand
Spasmodic
Impaction
Displacement
Torsion
Gas
Founder
What is the average time sheep will graze?
7 hours
(T or F) Horses are better on few and large meals
False
What are the primary energy sources for horses?
Simple: Grains
Complex: Hay and Pasture
What is the role of fats for horses?
Reducing colic and foundering, decreases dust and acts as lubricant (defecation)
What are the roles of vitamins and minerals for horses?
Help with hair coat, eye sight, muscle growth and joint health
What are the roles of supplements for horses?
Might be needed for working horses or performance breeds
How much water do horses drink per day?
22-38L/day
What are the functions of water for horses?
- Important in chemical reactions of digestion and metabolism
- Transportation of nutrients and waste
- Maintenance of temperature
- Joint lubricant
- Primary component of all body fluids
- Transports sound, eye lubrication, and saliva production
What areas are looked at for BCS of horses?
Loin
Ribs tail-head
Withers
Neck and shoulders
What is the BCS grading system for horses?
1-9
What is the percentage of VFA’s that make up a horses digestive energy needs?
30-70%
How are fats fed to horses?
Vegetable, corn and canola oils
What is the percentage of fat you should feed a horse?
Up to 14%, ideally 8-10%
What are the protein requirements for a horse?
7-16%
What is the most limited essential amino acid for horses and what is the deficiency for it?
Lysine and growth depression
What is a good source of most amino acids for horses?
Soybean meal and oil
Horses: Fat Soluble, Found in green pastures and hays, def. =
* Night Blindness
* Reduced reproduction and retained placenta
* Poor hair coat
* Excessive tearing
* Light sensitive
* Anorexia and diarrhea
* Weakness, decreased growth
* Salivary gland abscess
* Susceptibility to infections
Vitamin A
Horses:
1. Sunlight
2. Sun cured hays
Def. =
* Uncommon
* Reduced rate of growth
* Bone weakness
* Failure of bones to calcify normally
* Lameness
* Anorexia
Vitamin D
Horses:
Sources:
* Green growing forages
* Good quality hay
* Cereal hay
* Cereal grains
* Wheat germ oil
* Supplementation
Def. =
* Muscle degeneration
* Joint swelling
* Linked to wobblers
Vitamin E (Selenium)
Horses:
Sources
* Green leafy plants
* Microflora in the hindgut
Required for blood clotting
Vitamin K
Horses:
Sources:
1. Hay
2. Grain
3. Hindgut
Water Soluble Vitamins
Horses:
* Important role in carbohydrate metabolism, nerve transmission and stimulation
* Do require some in the diet
* Sources: green forage and brewers yeast
Thiamin
Horses:
* Important in oxidative energy metabolism
* Sources: forages and yeast
Riboflavin (B2)
Horses:
* Important in regulation of energy metabolism
Niacin (B3)
Horses:
* Required for energy metabolism
* Sources: Forages and cereals
Pantothenic Acid
Horses:
* Important for amino acid metabolism and hemoglobin formation
* Sources: Feed and microflora
Pyridoxine (B6)
Horses:
* Co-enzyme in important metabolic chemical reactions
* Sources: animal and plant tissues, microflora
* Supplementation may aid in hoof strength and growth
Vitamin H/B7
Horses:
* Needed for RBC synthesis and production of propionate
* Only produced by microflora
Cobalamin (B12)
What are B Vitamins essential for horses?
- Metabolism
- Skin Integrity
- Reproduction
- Good Hooves
Horses:
* Enhances formation of bone and teeth
* Aids in utilization of B vitamins, cholesterol and glucose
* Improves absorption of iron
* Component of the connective tissue collagen
and amino acids Sources:
* Anti-oxidant
– Green feed
Vitamin C
What are the requirements for minerals for horses?
- Age
- Activity level
- Stage of growth
- Reproductive state
- Stress levels
What makes a good Calcium:Phosphorus ratio for horses?
Forage:Grain
6-8:1
What is the major energy source for sheep?
Carbohydrates
Major energy food sources for a sheep’s diet?
Grass, hay with some silage, and grains.
What happens if a sheep has restricted energy consumption?
Wool growth slows, fiber diameter reduced, weak spots (breaks) develop. Reduces the function of the immune system. susceptible to diseases, gastro-intestinal worms.
What happens if a sheep consumes too much energy?
Extra energy is stored as fat (adipose tissue). Impair reproductive function in rams and ewes. During late gestation, fat ewes are more prone to ketosis (pregnancy toxemia) and dystocia. Fat lambs do not gain efficiently and they are undesirable.
What is a creep feed for lambs?
Highly palatable, solid nutritious feed offered to lambs before weaning (has a higher protein and energy percentage - up to 18%)
How much water does a sheep drink per day?
Summer: 8-10L
Winter: 4L
Optimal BCS for a ewe a month before breeding?
Young: 3.0
Mature: 3.5
