Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CRH II > LA Infectious Diseases- Hemolymphatics > Flashcards

LA Infectious Diseases- Hemolymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

describe equine infectious anemia

A
  1. retrovirus with a simple RNA genome (8kb)
    -gag, pol, env
  2. infects macrophage/monocyte cell lines: causing systemic effects from cytokine secretion
  3. coggins test!!! REPORTABLE
    -required for sale/movement in the US
    -performed yearly by a USDA category II-accredited vet
    -AGID: agar gel immunodiffusion = gold standard for testing, detects ANTIBODIES
  4. prevalence is low in the US
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe infection/transmission of EIA

A
  1. infection via blood transfer:

-insect vectors: flies, mosquitoes

-iatrogenic: needles, surgical instruments, dental floats, bits, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe clinical signs and lab abnormalities of EIA, acute form

A
  1. sudden high fever (104-108)
  2. anorexia, depression
  3. weight loss
  4. petechiae (thrombocytopenia)
  5. jaundice (hemolytic anemia)
  6. ventral edema

lab abnormalities:
1. thrombocytopenia: earliest and most consistent abnormality

  1. anemia: intravascular and extravascular hemolysis, also affected erythropoiesis
  2. glomerulonephritis/vasculitis: antibody/antigen complexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe the disease course of EIA

A
  1. cyclical alterations in viremia, platelet counts, and temperature because if a lifelong disease with no cure

-acute/subacute: most common (thrombocytopenia precedes fevers)
-chronic: ill-thrift, acute/subacute attacks
-inapparent carrier: no clinical signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe how to manage EIA-positive horses

A
  1. causes lifelong infection!
  2. reactor and ALL horses within 200 yards are quarantined!!
  3. euthanasia or life-long quarantine for positive animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe bovine leukemia virus

A
  1. deltaretrovirus genus, retroviridae family
  2. lifelong infection, blood borne infection of lymphocytes
  3. 3 stages of disease
    a. aleukemic: infected but cannot tell from outside, no changes, asymptomatic, no changes on initial bloodwork

b. a percentage of aleukemic animals go on to develop persistent lymphocytosis

c. a small percentage of persistent lymphocytosis animals will go on to develop lymphatic tumors

  1. 5% of cattle will develop signs
    -mostly lymphosarcoma
    -uterus, heart, abomasum, spinal canal, retrobulbar lymphatic tissue, sometimes LN enlargement
    -10-20% persistent lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe the significance of BLV

A
  1. high prevalence in the US
    -dairy: up to 90% of herds
    -beef: up to 40%
  2. carcasses of affected animals are condemned
  3. BLV is found in 1/2 of condemned carcasses in the US
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe testing for BLV

A
  1. if no clinical disease, test for antibodies
    -AGID
    -ELISA: higher sensitivity
    -REPORTABLE!!!!
  2. if clinical disease, can sample LN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe BLV transmission

A
  1. blood/fluids with blood cells (lymphocytes)
    -milk!!
    -in utero: rare
    -nasal secretions potentially
    -insects that take a blood meal!!
  2. iatrogenic spread
    -DONT re-use needles!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe babesia and theirelia in LA

A
  1. tick-transmitted hematic protozoa
  2. cattle: bovine sadness complex
    -babesia bigemina, B. bovis
    -theileria orientalis
    -treatment: imidocarb, diminazene aceturate
  3. equine piroplasmosis:
    -babesia caballi
    -theirelia equi
    -treatment: imidocarb
  4. REPORTABLE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe anaplasma

A
  1. obligate intracellular bacteria
    -coccoid to ellipsoidal
  2. reside/replicate in vacuoles in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
  3. transmission:
    -ixodid ticks
    -eastern US: I. scapularis
    -western US: I. pacificus, I. spinipalpis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe anaplasma phagocytophilum, formerly erlichia equi (in horses)

A
  1. equine granulocytic anaplasmosis
  2. infects neutrophils and eosinophils
    -forms mulberry-like colonies called morulae
  3. causes fever, lethargy, inappetence, limb edema, icterus, ataxia, stiff gait
  4. clinical signs worse in adults than young horses (<1 year of age)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe anaplasma marginale in cattle

A
  1. infects erythrocytes, causes extravascular hemolysis
  2. clinical signs:
    -fever, pale MM, lethargy, icterus, gastrointestinal signs, weight loss, decreased milk production, abortion, death
  3. younger animal = milder signs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe testing and treatment for anaplasma

A

testing:
-blood smear: check for intracellular organisms
-antibodies
-PCR
-REPORTABLE diseases in LA

treatment:
-antibiotics: tetracyclines
-cattle vaccine available in some states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

A
  1. gram positive, facultative intracellular coccobacillus
  2. goats and sheep: caseous lymphadenitis
  3. horses: pigeon fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe pathogenesis and clinical signs of caseous lymphadenitis due to corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

A
  1. enters body via:
    -wounds on skin (shearing, needles, puncture wounds, etc.)
    -mucous membranes (resp or GI)
  2. virulence factors:
    -exotoxin: phospholipase D; damages endothelium, promoting hematogenous spread
    -lipid coating: protects from digestion in the cell, promoting persistence of infection
  3. clinical signs:
    -abscesses: LNs, anywhere; internal in sheep, external in goats
    -chronic weight loss (poor doers)
    -lymphangitis
17
Q

describe diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis caused by corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

A
  1. presumptive diagnosis:
    -abscessed LNs
    -serology: also used to screen herd
  2. definitive diagnosis:
    -bacterial culture of pus

(other abscess-causing bacteria: trueperella pyogenes, staph aureus, pasturella multicoda, and fusobacterium necrophorum)

18
Q

describe treatment of caseous lymphadenitis caused by corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

A
  1. cull and test the rest of the herd
  2. surgical: can and should if not cull; but only if you have a way to physically separate the animal from the rest of the herd or will likely contaminate everyone else!!!!!!
    -lance or drain abscess, lavage
    -resect LN
  3. antimicrobials: tough
    -long term penicillin + rifampin
    –penicillin good for gram (-), rifampin enable entry to LN, but need to give IV because rumen so longterm admin is annoying for owners

-tulathromycin (systemic and intralesional)

  1. because recurrent rates are high, CL is not considered a curable disease
19
Q

describe prevention of caseous lymphadenitis caused by corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

A
  1. strict biosecurity and isolation measures
    -ideally: cull affected animals
    -if cannot cull, separate affected from unaffected
  2. vaccinations available!
    -must use on the species they are labeled for
    -reduce disease prevalence but does not fully prevent disease
20
Q

describe streptococcus equi ss. Equi/strangles

A

gram positive, beta hemolytic bacteria

virulence factors:
1. M protein: resists phagocytosis, is immunogenic

  1. polysaccharide capsule: enables attachment and resists phagocytosis
21
Q

describe clinical presentation of strangles

A

VERY CONTAGIOUS!!!!

  1. fever
  2. nasal discharge: uni or bilateral
  3. regional lymphadenopathy
  4. parotid region swelling and/or pain
  5. stertor or stridor (breathing sounds)
  6. coughing
  7. dyspnea
  8. causes retropharyngeal LN abscesses
    -seen on endoscopy, takes path of least resistance when rupture into guttural pouch leads to thick nasty nasal discharge when horse leans head down
  9. metastatic/bastard strangles
    -10-14d
    -rule out for pigeon fever
22
Q

describe strangles treatment and prevention

A
  1. lance and drain abscesses
  2. treat symptomatically: includes tracheostomy if needed
  3. antimicrobials:
    -penicillin
    -ceftiofur
    -TMS/rifampin

CRH II (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions