L.A

Question 1

Wilhelm role in development of psychology
As a science

Answer 1

Set up first psycholgy laboratory in Germany in 1879 , and published first books on psychology helping establish the subject as an independent branch of science

Used controlled environments to establish general theories about mental processes

Used scientific method to study present experiences such as the structure of sensation and perception using introspection

arguing human experiences should be analysed in terms of its components
E.g sensations, emotions, and reactions

Question 2

Introspection

Answer 2

Focuses on present experiences

Induvidual conscious experience systematically analysed

Individual focus on an object whilst listening to a stimulus looking inwards noticing own , present sensations , feelings and images

Analysis is broken into component of thoughts images and sensation

Question 3

Wundt Ao3 strength

Answer 3

Moving psychology away from philosohical roots

Used controlled environments with standardised procedures to study emotions, feelings and sensations

Such as using same stimulas everytime and giving ppts same standardised instructions

Thus this increased ability to replicate pieces of the research and increase psychology’s status and its emergence as a science

Question 4

Wundt Ao3 limitation

Answer 4

However although method was replicable it’s not considered reliable

As introspection focuses on a participants subjective experience

Therefore, findings varied greatly from person to person

Making it difficult to establish consistent general principles of human behaviour

Behaviourist psychologist, Watson and Raynor believed psychology should only study behaviour that could be observed and measured scientifically

As a result, behaviourist approach was developed and used more empirical and objective methods

Which increased psychology’s scientific status following contribution of Wundt

Question 5

Assumption about human behaviour

Answer 5

All behaviours can be learnt from the environment and thus can be unlearnt

Question 6

Pavlova study

Answer 6

Classical conditioning learning through stimulas response and associations

Controlled environment showed dogs could be conditioned to salivate to the sound of the bell

UCS - food
UCR - salivation
NS - bell

During experiment dogs were presented food once again pavlov bell at the same time and repeated this association many times

Dogs learnt to associate food with the noise of the bell

Question 7

Operant conditioning

Answer 7

Learning through rewards ,reinforcement and punishment

Question 8

Positive reinforcement

Answer 8

Reward is given for a behaviour this behaviour is repeated to gain same reward

Question 9

P.R skinners research

Answer 9

Hungery rat in skinners box ,everytime it pressed leaver rat was rewarded with food

This was repeated as rat conditioned to press leaver through positive reinforcement to get pleasant outcome

Question 10

Negative reinforcement

Answer 10

Performing behaviour to remove/avoid unpleasant consequence

So behaviour is repeated to avoid unpleasant consequence again

Question 11

Negative reinforcement skinners research

Answer 11

Ran electrical current across floor ,cause the rat discomfort so it would move around until it knocked the lever

Lever would stop current rat would repeat this behaviour as it learnt pressing lever would avoid unpleasant consequence of pain

Question 12

Punishment

Answer 12

Unpleasant consequence for behaviour e.g detention for not bringing homework should stop that behaviour

Question 13

Punishment vs positive and negative reinforcement

Answer 13

P.N.R increase likelihood of behaviour being repeated encourages it

Whereas punishment decreases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated (stops the behaviour)