L.9 Genetic Recombination

Question 1

What is monohybrid and dihybrid cross?

Answer 1

Mono accounts for one gene

Dihybrid for two

Question 2

What is Recombinant frequency ø

Answer 2

It is the likelikehood of two alleles being separated during crossing over.

Genetic maps can be made using recombination frequnecy as the scale in centimorgans.

Question 3

The hardy-Weinberg principle states that if a population…

Answer 3

meets certain criterila, then the allele frequencies will remain contant.

Question 4

hardy-Weinberg 5 principles

Answer 4

1. Large Population
2. No mutations
3. No sexual selection
4. No migration in or out
5. All genes equally successful at reproduced.

Question 5

What are the measures of central tendency?

Answer 5

Measures of central tendency provide a single value representation for the middle of a group data

Mean/ Average:

Most affected by outliers; all sum divided by total

Median: “Middle number”

Mode: comes up most

Question 6

What are the 4 types of distributions?

Answer 6

Normal distribution, mean median and mode are all the same in the normal distribution

Standard distribution is a normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one, used for most calculations, 68% of the data points occus whitin one standard deviation of the mean, 95%withinn two and 99 with in 3.

Skewed distribution: Have differences in their mean, median and mode, the skew direction is the direction of the tail of the distribution

Bimodla distribution: Have multiple peaks, although not necessarily multiple modes, strictly speaking. It may be useful to perform data analysis on the two groups separately.

Question 7

What are the 4 measures of Distribution?

Answer 7

Range,difference between largest and smallest value.

Interquartiles range: Difference between 3rd and 1st quartile.

Standard deviation: a measure of variability about the mean

Outliers: may be a result of true population variability, measurement errors or a non-normal distribution.

Question 8

What is the probability/explanation of,

Independent events

Dependent event

Mutually exclusive outcomes

Exhaustive

Answer 8

The probability of an independent event does not affect the probability of another event happening, VS dependent (yes)

Mutually exclusive outcomes cannot occur simultaneously

When a set of outcomes is ehxaustive there are no other possible choices.

Question 9

What us a hypothesis test use?

Answer 9

use a known distribution to determine whether a hypothesis of no difference (null) can be rejected.

Question 10

What do we use to determine statistical significance?

Answer 10

Using the comparison of a p-value to the selected significance level alpha, usually 0.05.

f your P-value is less than the chosen significance level then you reject the null hypothesis i.e. accept that your sample gives reasonable evidence to support the alternative hypothesis. It does NOT imply a “meaningful” or “important” difference; that is for you to decide when considering the real-world relevance of your result.

Question 11

Type 1 error and Type 2 error

Answer 11

Type I; incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis

Type II Incorrectly fail to reject the null hypothesis

Question 12

Confidence intervals

Answer 12

Used to estimate population mean, a wider interval is associated with higher confidence level.

Question 13

Correlation and causation

Answer 13

Correlation and Causation are separate concepts that are linked to hills criteria

A correlation between variables, however, does not automatically mean that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in the values of the other variable. Causation indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event; i.e. there is a causal relationship between the two events.

Question 14

How must we apply data, two points here.

Answer 14

Data must be interpreted in the context of the current hypothesis and existing scientific knowledge.

Statistical and practical significace are distinct.