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anatomy FB1 > L9: anatomy of glands > Flashcards

L9: anatomy of glands Flashcards

1
Q

Any gland in our body is derived from:

A

Epithelia

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2
Q

2 types of epithelium:

A
  • The lining of the epithelium (lumen of the intestine)

- Covering epithelium (cover outer surface of the skin)

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3
Q

During fetal development, epithelial cells:

A
  • proliferate
  • and penetrate the underlying connective tissue
  • and differentiate into glandular epithelial tissue
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4
Q

what type of gland is it If secretion from the glandular tissue reaches the surface of the lining or covering epithelium by a duct lined with epithelium

A

Exocrine gland

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5
Q

The glandular tissue loses its connection with lining epithelium from which it developed
and develops into the (what type of gland)

A

endocrine gland

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6
Q

The difference b/w exocrine & endocrine:

A
  • The presence or absence of ducts

- Arrangement of the cells

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7
Q

The cells of endocrine glands: (what do they secrete & how are they arranged)

A
  • Secrete hormones
  • Are arranged in the form of cords
    Or in the form of follicles with a lumen for storing the secretory product
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8
Q

From either the cords or follicles of endocrine cells, the secretory product is released:

A
  • Outside the cells

- And taken up by the blood vessels (for distribution throughout the body)

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9
Q

If the secretion of the gland is released to an external surface, it’s considered:

A
  • To have covering epithelium

- Ex: sweat gland

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10
Q

If the secretion of the gland is released to a hollow organ, it considered:

A
  • To have lining epithelium

- Ex: secretion in the intestine to the lumen

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11
Q

Exocrine and endocrine glands are covered by:

A

A connective tissue capsule

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12
Q

What arises from the deep surface of the capsule:

A

Septa

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13
Q

whats the function of septa?

A

It divides the gland into lobes & lobules

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14
Q

Inside the gland, the duct runs through:

A
  • Connecting septa
  • And branches repeatedly
  • Until its smallest branches end in the secretory -portions of the gland
  • Blood vessels also through the septa to reach the parenchyma of the lobules
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15
Q

Structural classification of glands:

A

Exocrine
Endocrine
Paracrine

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16
Q

Exocrine:

A
  • Unicellular gland (single-cell as gland)

- Multicellular glands

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17
Q

Multicellular:

A
  • Simple glands (unbranched duct)

- Compound glands (branched ducts)

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18
Q

Simple and compound glands: (shapes)

A
  • Tubular
  • alveolar/acinar (flask-shaped)
  • Tubuloalveolar
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19
Q

Simple gland:

A

Have unbranched duct

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20
Q

Compound gland:

A

Branched duct

21
Q

Goblet cells:

A
  • Are unicellular

- Ex: small intestine, large intestine, respiratory epithelium

22
Q

ltrastructurally a goblet cell shows:

A
  • A basal nucleus surrounded by RER
  • A large Golgi complex just above the nucleus
  • An apical end filled with large secretory granules
    containing mucins
  • Highly viscous mucin material secreted by exocytosis & is then hydrated to form mucus in the lumen lined by microvilli
23
Q

Functional classification of exocrine glands (based on mechanism of secretion)

A

Merocrine
Holocrine
Apocrine

24
Q

Merocrine gland:

A
  • Most of the glands

- Only the secretion is released to the lumen

25
merocrine glands secretes their secretion by means of
secrete their products, (usually containing proteins), by means of exocytosis at the apical end of the secretory cells
26
example of merocrine glands
Pancreatic acinar cells, Salivary glands
27
Apocrine:
- The apical part is cut off & surrounds the secretion | - The released portion of the cell contains lipid droplet(s).
28
examples of apocrine
Mammary glands, Ciliary gland of the eyelid
29
Holocrine:
The whole cell detaches from the basement membrane with the secretion
30
examples of holocrine
Sebaceous glands of hair follicles, Tarsal (Meibomian) glands of the eyelids
31
Sebaceous gland:
- entire cells fill with a product and are released during secretion - They move upward and toward the gland’s center. - When terminally differentiated, the cells separate and quickly disintegrate to form the secretion
32
Classification of exocrine glands based on type of secretion:
- Serous gland - Mucous gland - Mixed gland
33
Serous gland:
- are roughly pyramid-shaped, with its apex at the lumen. - The nucleus is rounded or oval in shape - The apical ends are eosinophilic due to the abundant immature and mature secretory granules present there.
34
Ultrastructurally, serous cells show
abundant RER, Golgi complexes, and secretory granules
35
Mucous cells:
- are typically larger than serous cells - Have flattened basal nuclei - The apical region and most of the other cytoplasm of the mucous cells are filled with secretory granules containing mucin. - The basal region contains the RER, nucleus, and a well-developed Golgi apparatus.
36
examples of mucus cells
Sublingual salivary glands, Gland in the respiratory tract, and the genital tract
37
Seromucous, compound tubuloacinar gland:
have both mucous and serous secretory units | typically shaped as acini and tubules respectively.
38
Clumps of serous cells at the ends of some mucous tubules appear as
crescent-shaped structures called serous demilunes
39
Myoepithelial cells:
- are muscle-like cells located between the bases of epithelial cell and the basal lamina. - Star-shaped - Long processes embrace the acinar cells
40
Myoepithelial cell are specialized for
- Specialized for contraction-have actin and myosin | - Contraction of the myoepithelial cell compresses the acinus and aids in the expulsion of secretory products into the d
41
Protein secreting cell:
are intimately associated with the capillary at their base and lumen at their apex.
42
Numerous secretory granules are located at
the apical part of the cells.
43
Steroid secreting cell:
- Endocrine - is intimately associated with the capillary endothelium via microvillar channels. - Numerous lipid droplets, which contain cholesterol esters. - Mitochondria with variable shapes are located in the abundant cytoplasm. - A Golgi apparatus can be seen adjacent to the nucleus. - The cell is characterized by one or more prominent nucleoli (Nu) in the nucleus.
44
Ion-transport across the cell membrane:
- have ion transporters on their cell membrane - are integral membrane proteins that control cellular uptake and efflux of inorganic ions - can occur in different directions, depending on which tissue is involved
45
Absorption: (direction of transport is..)
- The direction of transport is from the lumen to the blood vessel, - Eg. in the gallbladder and intestine - This serves to concentrate bile and obtain water and ions in these organs
46
Secretion: | The direction of transport is from
the blood vessel to the lumen
47
example of secretion
- in the choroid plexus, ciliary body, and sweat glands | - This serves to expel water from the interstitial fluid into specialized aqueous fluids in these tissues
48
The function of the Na, K-ATPase, a primary active transporter is to:
generate inward Na+ and outward K+ concentration gradient
49
how does the Na,K-ATPase function
- by using the energy of ATP-hydrolysis

anatomy FB1 (9 decks)

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