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Toxicology 5172 (Fall 2014) > L8: Venoms & Toxins (Martyniuk) > Flashcards

L8: Venoms & Toxins (Martyniuk) Flashcards

1
Q

Venom vs. poison

A
  • venom is ACTIVELY injected toxin; used for hunting/defense

- poison is PASSIVELY secreted; defense mech.

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2
Q

3 classes of venom compounds

A

1) LMW substances
2) Peptides
3) Enzymes

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3
Q

LMW substances ex.

A

prostaglandins
HA
EP
-cause pain, inflammation, hypotension

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4
Q

Ex. of peptide venomes

A
  • mellitin (acts as detergent; allows things to go in and out of cells)
  • bungarotoxin (has CNS effects)
  • in general cause many direct toxic effects and allergy
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5
Q

Ex. of enzyme venoms

A

Hyaluronidase (disrupts cell membranes, collagen)
Collagenase (breaks down capillary walls)
Protease (breaks down proteins –> necrosis)

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6
Q

Hymenoptera contain what insects

A

bees
wasps
hornets
fire ants

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7
Q

fire ants can spray what compound?

A

formic acid

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8
Q

3 main components of bee venom

A

1) Mellitin (acts as detergent -> hemolytic, hypotensive, pain, HA release, cortisol release)
2) Phospholipase A2 (destroys membranes)
3) Hyaluronidase (disrupts cell membranes, collagen)

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9
Q

primary pain-inducing substance of wasp venom

A

kinins

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10
Q

ant/bee/wasp venom primarily composed of

A

alkaloids (i.e. Piperidine**)

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11
Q

ant/bee/wasp venom MOA

A

Piperidine causes dermal necrosis

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12
Q

animals most likely to be severely affected by ant/bee/wasp venom

A

those with limited mobility

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13
Q

Symptoms of bee/wasp/hornet venom

A
  • Local: swollen/edematous, erythematous plaque
  • Anaphylaxis (most common cause of death)
  • Systemic toxicity: uncommon, delayed hypersensitivity causing shock, hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, hepatic/renal injury
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14
Q

T/F: anaphylaxis occurs in cows. Dogs?

A

Cows-no

dogs-yes

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15
Q

Tx of bee/wasp/hornet venom

A
  • remove stinger
  • cold compress
  • antihistamines, corticosteroids
  • monitor for anaphylaxis (tx with EP, fluids)
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16
Q

Does anaphylaxis occur with fire ant stings?

A

Not reported

17
Q

Holocyclotoxin

A
  • produced in salivary glands of Dermacentor/Ixodes ticks
  • decreases Ach release at NMJ –> weakness/paralysis
  • Dermacentor toxin may also act on Na channels*
18
Q

Symptoms of holocyclotoxin

A

(6-14d later)

  • loss of appetite/voice
  • incoordination, paralysis
  • salivation, vomiting
  • resp. distress
  • death
19
Q

Dx of holocyclotoxin

A
  • no definitive dx
  • hx, presence of ticks
  • ascending paralysis and loss of voice
20
Q

Tx of holocyclotoxin

A
  • atropine
  • antiemetics
  • fluds, oxygen, supportive tx
  • good prognosis if treated
21
Q

toad poisoning chars.

A
  • Bufo species (B. marinus (Cane/Giant Toad) in Florida**)
  • eggs/tadpoles toxic too
  • dogs most commonly involved
22
Q

Toad poisoning MOA

A
  • secretions contain BIOGENIC AMINES (histamine,etc.) which cause vasoconstriction, hypotension, hallucination, GI effects and BUFOGENINS (Bufotalin) which inhibit Na/K ATPase –> cardiac arrhythmias
  • 2 major systems affects: cardiac and CNS
23
Q

Bufogenins have similar toxic effects as what plant?

A

foxglove

24
Q

Dx of toad poisoning

A

based on CS (hypersalivation, head shaking, CNS signs, arrhythmia), hyperkalemia

25
Q

differentials for toad poisoning-like symptoms

A

pesticides
Rhododendron spp.
Oleander
Foxglove

26
Q

Tx of toad poisoning

A
  • immediate oral decon with water lavage
  • act. charc. if no seizures
  • diazepam/barbiturates if seizures
  • atropine for bradycardia
  • propranolol or esmolol (beta blockers) for arrhythmia
  • fluids
  • digoxin for severe hyperkalemi/CNS signs
27
Q

Black Widow males toxic?

A

NO (only females)

28
Q

Black widow venom MOA

A

contains alpha-latrotoxin, which creates pores in membranes allowing Ca++ entry and releasing massive amts. of NT –> sustained muscle spasm

29
Q

symptoms of black widow venom

A 
muscle spasm
rapid weight loss
restless
hypertension
tachycardia
v/d
resp. collapse
30
Q

tx of black widow venom

A
  • control m. spasms/pain
  • Ca gluconate for m. cramps
  • anti-venom
  • supportive care

Toxicology 5172 (Fall 2014) (8 decks)

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