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Toxicology 5172 (Fall 2014) > L6: Gastrointestinal Toxicants (Martyniuk) > Flashcards

L6: Gastrointestinal Toxicants (Martyniuk) Flashcards

1
Q

common source of zinc

A

pennies

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2
Q

NSAIDS MOA

A
  • act on COX 1 and/or 2 pathways
  • inhibit synthesis of prostaglandins (which protect gastric mucosa)
  • decrease renal blood flow
  • cause gastric ulceration
  • uncouples oxidative phosphorylation at high doses –> increased lactic acid, metabolic acidosis
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3
Q

which NSAID are dogs most sensitive to?

A

ibuprofen

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4
Q

which NSAID are cats most sensitive to?

A

aspirin (due to lack of glucuronidation)

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5
Q

Which pathway, COX-1 or 2 is constitutive (always on)? What does it control?

A

COX-1

  • homeostasis
  • protection of gastric mucosa
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6
Q

Which pathway COX 1 or 2 is inducible? What does it control?

A

COX-2; mediates pain, inflammation, fever

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7
Q

Clinical effects of NSAID toxicity

A
  • vasoconstrictive acute renal failure
  • acute interstitial nephritis
  • fluid/electrolyte imbalances
  • renal papillary necrosis
  • chronic renal failure
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8
Q

acute aspirin toxicity symptoms

A
  • nausea, vomiting, anorexia
  • fever, resp. stimulation
  • depression, lethargy, seizure, coma
  • acidosis with anion gap
  • reduced renal flow, renal failure
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9
Q

chronic aspirin toxicity symptoms

A
  • gastric ulcer
  • anemia, bone marrow depression
  • Heinz bodies, thrombocytopenia
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10
Q

Dx of NSAID toxicity

A
  • Hx/CS
  • anion gap
  • inc. liver enzymes, jaundice
  • dec. blood clotting, inc. bleeding time
  • acute renal failure: casts, inc. BUN/creat.
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11
Q

Tx of NSAID toxicity

A
  • induce emesis and activated charc.
  • tx acidosis, correct electrolytes/glucose
  • sucralfate or H2 blocker for ulcers
  • DA or dobutamine to inc. renal blood flow
  • diuresis to maintain urine flow
  • dextrose w/insulin to tx hyperkalemia
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12
Q

misoprostol

A

prostaglandin analog that protects GI tract

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13
Q

arsenic sources

A

(#1 priority pollutant)

-insecticides, medicide, food production, electronics, shellfish, water

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14
Q

which is more toxic: inorganic or organic arsenic?

A

inorganic (10x)

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15
Q

MOA of inorganic arsenicals: ARSENITES (+3)

A

ARSENITES: bind to -SH groups and cause enzyme inhibition; effect protein function and are assoc. with blood problems
-cause toxicity to GI epithelium and capillary endothelium

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16
Q

MOA of inorganic arsenicals: ARSENATES (+5)

A

ARSENATES: substitute for phosphate and uncouple oxidative phosphorylation ; assoc. with mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of electron transport chain –> CNS problems
-cause toxicity to GI epithelium and capillary endothelium

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17
Q

Are inorganic arsenicals absorbed/excreted rapidly?

A

yes for both

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18
Q

inorganic arsenicals is a problem mostly with what species?

A

cattle and dogs

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19
Q

signs of ACUTE inorganic arsenic poisoning

A

Acute exposure:

  • sudden death
  • abd pain, colic
  • weakness
  • salivation, vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • hypotension
  • dehydration
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20
Q

signs of SUBACUTE inorganic arsenic poisoning

A
  • live for 1-3d
  • depressed, colic
  • watery diarrhea
  • PU/PD
  • dehydration
  • posterior paresis
  • poor perfusion
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21
Q

lesions assoc. with inorganic arsenic toxicity

A
  • no lesions if very high exposure
  • brick red gut
  • fluid GI contents
  • soft yellow liver
  • congested lungs
  • damage to glomerulus and tubules
  • no hemorrhage
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22
Q

Dx of inorganic arsenic toxicity

A
  • sudden death of animal, esp. near water source
  • arsenic in liver/kidney >5ppm
  • arsenic in stomach/vomitus
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23
Q

Tx of inorganic arsenic tox.

A
  • GI decon
  • demulcents to protect injured mucosa
  • chelation therapy (binds arsenic)
  • fluids with B vitamins, electrolytes, dextrose for shock/urine flow
24
Q

Zinc sources

A

galvanized metals, pennies, sunscreen, cold meds, herbals, paint, etc.

25
Q

main role of zinc in body

A

antioxidant response; an important cofactor for enzymes used in the mitigation of oxidative stress

26
Q

Symptoms of acute zinc toxicity

A

oxidative damage/hemolysis –> v, depression, anorexia, hemolytic anemia, jaundice, pancreatitis, lesions

27
Q

in low pH environment, zinc forms zinc salts and interacts with GI mucosa to cause problems

A

:)

28
Q

acute zinc toxicity occurs most often in which animals?

A

dogs, aquatic animals

29
Q

chronic zinc toxicity occurs most often in which animals?

A

cattle

30
Q

symptoms of CHRONIC zinc toxicity

A

bloating, d, PU, anorexia, hemolytic anemia, lamenss, lesions

31
Q

Dx of zinc toxicity

A
  • serum/liver zinc elevated
  • dec. PCV, regenerative anemia
  • liver/kid/pancreatic enzymes
  • hemoglobinuria
  • rads for hardware ingestion
32
Q

Tx of zinc toxicity

A
  • remove FB
  • emesis
  • fluids
  • increase gastric pH**
  • chelation with CaEDTA or d-penicillamine
  • proton-pump inhibitors or H2 blockers
33
Q

4th most common group of toxins the Animal Poison Control Center receives calls for

A

household chemicals:

34
Q

Most to least toxic household chemicals

A

1) ammonia
2) toilet bowl cleaner
3) disinfectants
4) automatic dishwasher detergent
5) bleach
6) soaps/detergents

35
Q

tx of soap/shampoo tox.

A

dilute with milk or water

-rarely fatal

36
Q

tx of bleach tox.

A
  • dilute with milk/water
  • emesis, lavage (except if very caustic)
  • act. charc., cathartics (except if very caustic)
  • toxicity due to alkalinity*
37
Q

2 types of disinfectants

A

Phenols

Pine oils

38
Q

Phenol MOA

A

denatures and precipitates cellular proteins thus destroying all contacted cells

39
Q

Pine oil MOA

A

directly irritating to mm. Cats more susceptible because detoxified by glucuronidation!

40
Q

CS of phenol tox.

A
  • corrosive burns of oral-esophageal pathway

- v, hypersalivation, ataxia, panting –> shock, arrhythmia, MetHb, hepatic/renal damage, coma

41
Q

CS of Pine oil tox.

A

-nausea, hypersalivation, v, abd. pain, ataxia, hypotension, resp. depression, acute renal failure, pulm. edema

42
Q

Tx of phenol tox.

A
  • demulcents (milk/eggs)
  • gastric lavage, emesis, act. charc. if no burns
  • supportive therapy (fluids/resp. support)
  • methylene blue for MetHb
43
Q

Tx of Pine oil tox.

A
  • dilute with milk, egg white, water
  • emesis and lavage CONTRAINDICATED due to aspiration pneumonia
  • follow dilution w/ act. charc. or cathartic
  • supportive therapy (renal perfusion, acid/base and electrolyte balance)
44
Q

toxicity of automatic dishwasher detergents due to:

A

high alkalinity

45
Q

Tx of dishwasher detergent tox.

A
  • dilute with milk/water
  • analgesics
  • steroids for inflammation
46
Q

toxicity of toilet bowl cleaner due to:

A

high acidity

47
Q

tx of toilet bowl cleaner tox.

A
  • dilute with milk/water
  • steroids if stricture possible
  • emesis, lavage, act. charc./catharsis CONTRAINDICATED
48
Q

ammonia/oven cleaner MOA

A

strong base causes caustic ulceration

49
Q

tx of ammonia, oven cleaners

A

dilute with milk/water, steroids

50
Q

What foods contain Phytoestrogens? Why?**

A
  • beans, lentils, oats, carrots, sesame seeds

- plant defensive mech. to disrupt repro capabilities of their predators

51
Q

Zearalenone chars.

A
  • type of phytoestrogen
  • a mycotoxin/metabolite of Fusarium spp. (grains)
  • heat stable and resistant to most mold retardants
  • affects most animals (pigs, cattle, sheep)
52
Q

which animals resistant to zearalenone?

A

chickens

53
Q

Zearalenone MOA

A

estrogen receptor agonist –> “hyperestrogen” syndrome

54
Q

Symptoms of zearalenone intoxication

A

GILTS: swelling/edema of vulva, vaginal/rectal prolapse, ovarian atrophy, mammary enlargement
BOARS: testicular atrophy, decreased testosterone
BARROWS: mammary enlargement
SOWS: anestrus, small litters due to abortion, pseudopregnancy, weak piglets
similar symptoms in cattle/sheep

55
Q

Dx/Tx of Zearalenone

A

Dx: detect in feed
Tx: change feed; act. charc. or high fiber may reduce elimination due to extensive enterohepatic recycling

Toxicology 5172 (Fall 2014) (8 decks)

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