L8: Clinical Approaches to Acute Diarrhea and Diseases Flashcards
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causes of acute diarrhea
- infectious (parasitic, bacterial, viral)
- hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
- obstructive
- toxin and drug-induced
- dietary
- extraintestinal
parasitic causes of acute diarrhea
Helminths (ascarids, hookworms, whipworms)
Protozoa (coccidia, giardia, cryptosporidium, tritrichomonas)
-common cause of diarrhea
-hooks often have worst signs
-often mixed diarrhea
-dx with fecal (centrifuge, direct smear, ELISA or PCR)
bacterial causes of acute diarrhea
Clostridium (common cause of stress colitis)
E. coli
Salmonella
Campylobacter
chars. of Parvoviral Enteritis
- acute contagious diarrheal disease of dogs and cats
- canine parvovirus caused by epitheliotropic enterovirus
- breed susceptibility
- attacks rapidly dividing cells
chars. of virus
- resistant to heat, freezing, abx
- fecal/oral trans
- 3-7d incubation period
- shed in feces (starts before CS start)
- sub-clinical infections possible
- Type 1 and 2
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Type 1 Parvovirus chars.
- doesn’t usually cause enteric disease
- can cause abortion in pregnant bitches
type 2 parvovirus chars.
- causes severe enteritis
- closely related to feline panleukopenia
- subtypes 2, 2a, 2b, 2c have evolved
epi of parvovirus
- morbidity 20-90%
- mortality 0-50%
- black and tans susceptible
CS of parvovirus
- highly variable (subclinical –> death)
- depression, anorexia, fever
- vomiting (usually severe and prolonged)
- “strawberry” diarrhea
- variable leukopenia
- dehydration (PCV usually <50%)
Dx of canine parvovirus
- EM of fresh feces
- histopath of intestine
- tissue immunofluorescence
- fecal ELISA (false neg/pos possible)
Tx of canine parvovirus
- isolate
- replacement fluids
- blood component therapy
- parenteral abx
- antiemetics if vomiting severe (metoclopramide, cerenia, ondansetron)
- tamiflu?
- omega interferon, hyperimmune plasma?
- nursing care and time!
- control concurrent intestinal parasites
enrofloxacin can adversely effect cartilage devel. in younger animals
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Early enteral nutrition and canine parvo
-assoc. with dec. morbidity, faster appetite return, v/d resolution, and dec. hospitalization
things to monitor in canine parvo infection
- physical parameters
- PCV, TP, urine SG
- BW
- electrolytes
- BUN/creatinine
- Glucose
Prevention of canine parvo
- immunity after infection
- vaccination
CS of canine coronavirus enteritis
- highly variable and contagious
- sudden onset of diarrhea
- vomiting NOT prominent
- orange, malodorous, rarely hemorrhagic feces
- anorexia, lethargy, dehydration
- no fever or leukopenia
- dual infection w/ parvovirus
- spontaneous resolution
Dx of canine coronavirus enteritis
- EM of fresh feces
- PCR
chars. of Canine Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis (HGE)
- all ages, breeds
- cause unknown
- sudden onset
- no diet association
- dogs usually have one attack
CS of Canine Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis (HGE)
- depression
- vomiting +/- blood
- diarrhea –> dysentery
- varying severity
- hypovolemic, but may have normal skin turgor
- mm normal
Lab data of HGE
- inc. PCV
- TP normal
- thrombocytopenia
- metabolic acidosis
Tx of HGE
- IV cath
- rapid fluid replacement w/ balanced electrolyte solution
- titrate against PCV
- antiemetics
- abx?
- initial NPO, offer water when vomiting stops, then food 12-24hrs later
