L8: Clinical Approaches to Acute Diarrhea and Diseases

Question 1

slide 3**

Answer 1

:)

Question 2

causes of acute diarrhea

Answer 2

• infectious (parasitic, bacterial, viral)
• hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
• obstructive
• toxin and drug-induced
• dietary
• extraintestinal

Question 3

parasitic causes of acute diarrhea

Answer 3

Helminths (ascarids, hookworms, whipworms)
Protozoa (coccidia, giardia, cryptosporidium, tritrichomonas)
-common cause of diarrhea
-hooks often have worst signs
-often mixed diarrhea
-dx with fecal (centrifuge, direct smear, ELISA or PCR)

Question 4

bacterial causes of acute diarrhea

Answer 4

Clostridium (common cause of stress colitis)
E. coli
Salmonella
Campylobacter

Question 5

chars. of Parvoviral Enteritis

Answer 5

• acute contagious diarrheal disease of dogs and cats
• canine parvovirus caused by epitheliotropic enterovirus
• breed susceptibility
• attacks rapidly dividing cells

Question 6

chars. of virus

Answer 6

• resistant to heat, freezing, abx
• fecal/oral trans
• 3-7d incubation period
• shed in feces (starts before CS start)
• sub-clinical infections possible
• Type 1 and 2

Question 7

slide 14*

Answer 7

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Question 8

Type 1 Parvovirus chars.

Answer 8

• doesn’t usually cause enteric disease

- can cause abortion in pregnant bitches

Question 9

type 2 parvovirus chars.

Answer 9

• causes severe enteritis
• closely related to feline panleukopenia
• subtypes 2, 2a, 2b, 2c have evolved

Question 10

epi of parvovirus

Answer 10

• morbidity 20-90%
• mortality 0-50%
• black and tans susceptible

Question 11

CS of parvovirus

Answer 11

• highly variable (subclinical –> death)
• depression, anorexia, fever
• vomiting (usually severe and prolonged)
• “strawberry” diarrhea
• variable leukopenia
• dehydration (PCV usually <50%)

Question 12

Dx of canine parvovirus

Answer 12

• EM of fresh feces
• histopath of intestine
• tissue immunofluorescence
• fecal ELISA (false neg/pos possible)

Question 13

Tx of canine parvovirus

Answer 13

• isolate
• replacement fluids
• blood component therapy
• parenteral abx
• antiemetics if vomiting severe (metoclopramide, cerenia, ondansetron)
• tamiflu?
• omega interferon, hyperimmune plasma?
• nursing care and time!
• control concurrent intestinal parasites

Question 14

enrofloxacin can adversely effect cartilage devel. in younger animals

Answer 14

:)

Question 15

Early enteral nutrition and canine parvo

Answer 15

-assoc. with dec. morbidity, faster appetite return, v/d resolution, and dec. hospitalization

Question 16

things to monitor in canine parvo infection

Answer 16

• physical parameters
• PCV, TP, urine SG
• BW
• electrolytes
• BUN/creatinine
• Glucose

Question 17

Prevention of canine parvo

Answer 17

• immunity after infection

- vaccination

Question 18

CS of canine coronavirus enteritis

Answer 18

• highly variable and contagious
• sudden onset of diarrhea
• vomiting NOT prominent
• orange, malodorous, rarely hemorrhagic feces
• anorexia, lethargy, dehydration
• no fever or leukopenia
• dual infection w/ parvovirus
• spontaneous resolution

Question 19

Dx of canine coronavirus enteritis

Answer 19

• EM of fresh feces

- PCR

Question 20

chars. of Canine Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis (HGE)

Answer 20

• all ages, breeds
• cause unknown
• sudden onset
• no diet association
• dogs usually have one attack

Question 21

CS of Canine Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis (HGE)

Answer 21

• depression
• vomiting +/- blood
• diarrhea –> dysentery
• varying severity
• hypovolemic, but may have normal skin turgor
• mm normal

Question 22

Lab data of HGE

Answer 22

• inc. PCV
• TP normal
• thrombocytopenia
• metabolic acidosis

Question 23

Tx of HGE

Answer 23

• IV cath
• rapid fluid replacement w/ balanced electrolyte solution
• titrate against PCV
• antiemetics
• abx?
• initial NPO, offer water when vomiting stops, then food 12-24hrs later