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Y1 Fundamentals of Neuroscience and Pharmacology > L8: Basic Topography of the Brain, Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves > Flashcards

L8: Basic Topography of the Brain, Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Label the sections of the brain using the following options:
- Cerebellum
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Central sulcus

A
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2
Q

What are the sulci?

A
  • Sulci (sulcus for singular) are the grooves that cover the brain’s external surface and are used as landmarks in anatomy
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3
Q

What are the fissures of the brain?

A
  • Fissures are deeper grooves that separate large regions of the brain e.g. longitudinal fissure, which separates the two hemispheres
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4
Q

What are the gyri?

A

Gyri (gyrus for singular) are the raised portions of the brain

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5
Q

What parts of the brain does the central sulcus divide?

A

Frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

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6
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure separate?

A

The left and right hemispheres of the brain

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7
Q

What does the central sulcus separate?

A

The frontal from parietal lobes

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8
Q

What does the lateral sulcus separate?

A

The temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes

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9
Q

What does the transverse fissure separate?

A

The occipital lobes from the cerebellum

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10
Q

What is the dura?

A
  • Located within the longitudinal and transverse fissures
  • A tough membranous fold
    The most outer layer of the meninges
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11
Q

What is the function of the dura?

A
  • Carries venous blood from the brain back to the body within gaps (sinuses) within the dura
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12
Q

Label the diagram using the following options:
- Cerebrum
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla Oblongata
- Cerebellum
- Corpus callosum

A
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13
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Involved in movement coordination and posture

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14
Q

What is the function of the diencephalon?

A

Involved in regulation of the autonomic and endocrine systems

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15
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

Involved in sensory-motor relays and vital autonomic function

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16
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Relays information from the body to the brain

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17
Q

What is the function of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Responsible for processing and memory

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18
Q

What are the parts of the brainstem and where are they found?

A
  • Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
  • Inferior part of the brain and connected to the spinal cord
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19
Q

Label the parts of the brainstem from the following options:
- Pons
- Midbrain
- Medulla
- Pituitary gland

A
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20
Q

Which part of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?

A

Medulla oblongata is continuous with the spinal cord

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21
Q

Label the sections of the brain using the following options:
- Corpus callosum
- Internal capsule
- Basal ganglia
- Thalamus
- Third ventricle
- Temporal lobe
- Lateral ventricle
- Insula lobe

A
22
Q

What is cranial nerve I and the function?

A
  • Olfactory
  • Smell
  • Sensory
23
Q

What is cranial nerve II and the function?

A
  • Optic
  • Sight
  • Sensory
24
Q

What is cranial nerve III and the function?

A
  • Oculomotor
  • Eye movement
  • Motor
25
Q

What is cranial nerve IV and the function?

A
  • Trochlear
  • Eye movement
  • Motor
26
Q

What is cranial nerve V and the function?

A
  • Trigeminal
  • Sensory of the face and motor mastication (chewing)
  • Sensory and motor
27
Q

What is cranial nerve VI and the function?

A
  • Abducens
  • Lateral eye movement (lateral rectus m.)
  • Motor
28
Q

What is cranial nerve VII and the function?

A
  • Facial
  • Facial movement and expression
  • Sensory and motor
29
Q

What is cranial nerve VIII and the function?

A
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • Hearing and balance
  • Sensory
30
Q

What is cranial nerve IX and the function?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Tongue and pharynx sensory supply (taste and swallowing)
  • Sensory and motor
31
Q

What is cranial nerve X and the function?

A
  • Vagus
  • Pharynx and larynx (parasympathetic innervation to the majority of the abdominal organs)
  • Sensory and motor
32
Q

What is cranial nerve XI and the function?

A
  • Accessory
  • Neck and shoulders
  • Motor
33
Q

What is cranial nerve XII and the function?

A
  • Hypoglossal
  • Motor of tongue
  • Motor
34
Q

Label the diagram of the cranial nerves from the following options:
- Optic
- Accessory
- Trochlear
- Medulla
- Pituitary stalk
- Olfactory
- Pons
- Abducens

A
35
Q

All but two pairs of cranial nerves are attached to the brainstem. Which are the exceptions?

A

Cranial nerves I and II

36
Q

Label the areas of the spinal cord from the following options:
- Central canal
- Dorsal horn
- Ventral horn
- Dorsal column

A
37
Q

What is found in the dorsal and ventral horns?

A

Cell bodies of sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons, there is also a lateral horn in some sections of the spinal cord

38
Q

Label the diagram of the spinal cord and associated nerves from the following options:
- Dorsal root
- Dorsal root ganglion
- Motor neuron
- Sensory neuron
- Spinal nerve
- Ventral root

A
39
Q

Considering what you know about the contents of the dorsal and ventral horns, explain why the dorsal and ventral horns change in size at different levels?

A

Extra neurons and larger to supply the limbs e.g. lumbar and sacral (lots of grey matter)

Small amount on white matter in sacral - number of nervous fibres reduces as more distal to the CNS containing fewer ascending and descending nervous fibres.

Need to supply the limbs in lumbar and cervical, hence more white matter

40
Q

Identify on the bones and name where the spinal cord lies protected by the bony column

A

The spinal cord is enclosed by the vertebral canal

The spinal nerves come out from the spinal cord through intervertebral foramina

A single section of the vertebrae is called an isolated vertebra

41
Q

How do spinal nerves leave the protection of the vertebral column?

A

Through the intervertebral foramina

42
Q

What are dorsal and ventral rami? What kind of nerve fibres do they carry?

A
  • Rami (singular ramus) is a branch
  • They are mixed (afferent, efferent and sometimes autonomic fibres)
  • Each spinal nerve divides into a number of rami (branches); the first, purely sensory, and very small branch is the meningeal ramus; then the dorsal (posterior) ramus comes off to leave the physically larger ventral (or anterior) ramus
43
Q

Apart from the spinal cord, what are the contents of the vertebral canal?

A
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Connective tissue
  • Blood supply (vessels)
44
Q

Looking at the isolated spinal cord. What is the cauda equina?

A

Terminal cluster of roots composed of the posterior and anterior roots of lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves

45
Q

At what vertebral level does the cauda equina begin?

A

L1

46
Q

How many spinal nerves are there and how are they named?

A
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • Named using Roman numerals between C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-5, S1-5
  • Only 30 dermatomes - facial sensations supplied by the cranial nerves
47
Q

Define the term dermatome

A

The area of skin supplied by a single spinal cord level, or on one side, by a single spinal nerve pair

48
Q

What is the muscle group and deficit from the phrenic spinal nerve?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Inability to breathe
49
Q

What is the muscle group and deficit from the median spinal nerve?

A
  • Forearm flexors, lateral 3 1/2 digits
  • Median claw hand
50
Q

What is the muscle group and deficit from the ulnar spinal nerve?

A
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus in the forearm, and hypothenar muscles (forearm).Forearm extensors, median 1 1/2 digits (fingers)
  • Ulnar claw hand
51
Q

What is the muscle group and deficit from the femoral spinal nerve?

A
  • Thigh and hip flexor muscles (the psoas major and iliacus muscles).Anterior compartment of the thigh
  • Muscle paralysis - loss of knee extension
52
Q

What is the muscle group and deficit from the sciatic spinal nerve?

A
  • Posterior compartment of the thigh, lower leg and foot
  • Muscle paralysis - Loss of knee flexion, movement of lower leg and foot

Y1 Fundamentals of Neuroscience and Pharmacology (11 decks)

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