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Insect Biology > L8 and 9 Arthropod evolution and diversity > Flashcards

L8 and 9 Arthropod evolution and diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 classes of arthropods are there?

A

Chelicerates
Crustaceans
Myriapods

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2
Q

What 2 subclasses of chelicerates?

A

Arachnida - scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks. terrestrial

Meristomata - Horseshoe crabs

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3
Q

5 features of chelicerates

A 
No true jaws, chelicerae are hooked structures to cut holes in the host
Cephalothorax and abdomen
No antennae
Simple eyes (horseshoe crabs have compound eyes)
Uniramous legs (horseshoe crabs have biramous)
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4
Q

6 features of crustaceans

A 
Mainly marine, 26000 species
Cephalothorax and abdomen
2 pairs of antennae
Compound eyes
Biramous/Polyramous legs
Mandibulate
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5
Q

8 features of myriapods

A 
Mainly terrestrial, 13000 species
Mandibulate
1 pair antennae
Simple eyes
Spiracles and trachea
Uniramous legs
Anamorphic - add body segments at each moult
Ametabolous -Juveniles look very similar to adult (no further metamorphosis)
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6
Q

8 common arthropod features

A
  1. Exoskeleton of chitin and protein
  2. Metameric segmentation
  3. Tagmatisation
  4. Periodic moulting
  5. Segmental, jointed appendages
  6. Haemocoel
  7. Compound eyes
  8. Brain and ventral nerve cord
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7
Q

What are 3 primitive close relatives to arthropods?

A

Tardigrades
Onycophora
Trilobites - abundant 500mya

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8
Q

What similarities and differences do onycophora have to arthropods?

A

Similar: Cuticle, moulting, (1 pair of antennae)
Different: No tagmatization, jaws, not jointed legs

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9
Q

What similarities and differences do tardigrades have to arthropods?

A

Similar: cuticle and moulting
Different: No jointed legs

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10
Q

What did Sidnie Manton argue?

A

evolution of the exo skeleton must have happened very early on, limiting evolutionary possibilities.
All groups must be separate evolutionary lineages.

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11
Q

How is it generally accepted to group arthropods?

A

Based on birabous/polyramous limb character.
Monophyletic view
Polychaete like common ancestor - Marine, biramous limbs

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12
Q

When did the tracheal system develop?

A

Upon arthropod move to land

This also brought massive variation in available niches, so much radiation.

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13
Q

What is the superclass that insects are under?

A

Hexapods

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14
Q

What are the non insect hexapods?

A

ENTOGNATHA:
Protrura - <2mm, anamorphic and ametabolous
Collembola -ametabolous and not anamorphic
Dipura
All easily dessicate, need damp habitat,

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15
Q

What 2 subclasses of true insects are there?

A

ECTOGNATHA
Subclass - Apterygota, primitive and wingless
- Pterygota, has wings

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16
Q

Which orders come under apterygota?

A

Archeognatha - ‘bristletails’ 2 lateral cerci, medial filament, can spring themselves up into the air, abdominal styles.
Zygentoma - ‘silverfish’ silver colour, 2lateral cerci, medial filament.

17
Q

What 3 series are in Pterygota?

A

Paleoptera - hemimetabolous, wing buds develop externally
Neoptera - hemimetabolous, external wing buds
Endopterygota - holometabolous, internal wing buds

18
Q

What orders are within Paleoptera?

A
  1. Odonata: anisoptera [dragonflies], Zygoptera [damselflies]
  2. Ephemeroptera [Mayflies]
19
Q

What orders are within Neoptera? (10)

A 
Orthoptera [Locusts]
Blattodea [Cockroaches]
Isoptera [Termites]
Dermaptera [earwwigs]
Phasmida [Stick insects]
Mantodea [mantids]
Embioptera [webspinners]
Hemiptera [bugs]
Thysanoptera [thrips]
Pthiraptera [book/bark lice]
20
Q

What orders are within Endopterygota? (6)

A 
Coleoptera [beetles]
Diptera [true flies]
Hymenoptera [wasps, ants, bees]
Strepsiptera - parasitic, females are neotenic
Siphonaptera [fleas]
Lepidoptera [butterflies]
21
Q

Describe holometabolous development

A

egg - larvae - pupa - adult
All internal organs brokendown, even fat body, reconstructed into adult structures.
Metabolically expensive so must be advantageous

22
Q

What are 3 types of larval forms?

A

polypod larvae
oligopod - have thoracic legs, fairly mobile
Apod - no legs, focussed on feeding only

23
Q

Describe larval to pupa transition

A

larval cuticle sheds and shrivels, pupal cuticle forms and sclerotizes, beginning to look like adult form. Former cuticles stay on as protection.

Insect Biology (12 decks)

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