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Respiratory Pharmacology > L8 - acute bacterial respiratory infections > Flashcards

L8 - acute bacterial respiratory infections Flashcards

1
Q

Sinusitis

A

infection of sinus

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2
Q

Tonsillitis

A

Infection of tonsils

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3
Q

Pharyngitis

A

sore throat, pharynx infection

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4
Q

Laryngitis

A

larynx infection

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5
Q

Tracheitis

A

trachea infection

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6
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

bronchiole infection

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7
Q

Pleurisy

A

inflammation of pleura often caused by infections

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8
Q

Bronchitis

A

Bronchi infection

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9
Q

Pneumonia

A

infection of alveoli and surrounding lung

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10
Q

Skin

A

keeps everything out, waterproof, keeps everything in except sweat

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11
Q

Skin surface area

A

1.5-2 metres squared

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12
Q

Urinary system

A

sterile and flow is outwards

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13
Q

Vagina

A

acidic pH, commensal bacteria, thick mucosal barrier, mucosal immune system

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14
Q

intestine and stomach

A

acidic, enzymes, commensal bacteria and thick mucosal bacteria

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15
Q

Pharyngitis symptoms

A

tender neck glands, fever, large tonsils with pus, throat swan grows Fram positive cocci

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16
Q

Pharyngitis viral

A

70-80%

rhinovirus, adenovirus, etc

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17
Q

Pharyngitis bacterial

A

10-30% due to streptococcus progenies, GABHs

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18
Q

GABHs-associated siease

A

scarlet fever, PSGN, rheumatic fever

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19
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

3-14%, nasty cold with associated headache/congestyion

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20
Q

Lemiere’s disease

A

can cause infection of jugular vein leading to infection of heart, chest, lungs

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21
Q

Diptheria symptoms

A

Sore throat, low fever, pseudomembrane on tonsils, pharynx or nasal cavity

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22
Q

Diptheria swab

A

grows irregular gram-positive rods

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23
Q

Diptheria treatment

A

anti-toxin as it has a different pathogenesis
Antibiotics to eradicate carriage of organism and so prevent transfer to other susceptible subjects but does not cure disease

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24
Q

Sinusitis symptoms

A

usually viral, fever, discharge, unilateral pain

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25
Q

Sinusitis complications

A

brain abscess, sinus vein thrombosis and orbital cellulitis

26
Q

Epiglottis

A

soft tissue that covers oesophagus when breathing

27
Q

Acute epiglottitis

A

formerly an illness of children 2-4 years old presented with fever, dysphagia, drooling and strider
encaspulted, results in epiglottis swelling and affects rare immunocompromised patients

28
Q

Bronchitis infection

A

haemophilus influenza type B now rare due to vaccine

29
Q

Acute epiglottis swab

A

gram negative cocobacilli

30
Q

Bronchitis definition

A

self-limited inflammation of the epithelia of the bronchi due to upper airway infection

31
Q

Bronchitis symptoms

A

generally results in cough with phlegm and breathlessness, mostly viral, bacterial is rare
can be chronic or acute

32
Q

Whooping cough bacteria

A

bordatella pertussis

33
Q

whooping cough swav

A

gram negtaive bacillus

34
Q

Adenylate cyclase toxin

A

inhibits phagocyte chemotaxis and T cell activation

35
Q

Pertussis toxin

A

inhibits alveolar macrophage defence

36
Q

Tracheal cytotoxin/dermonecrotic toxin

A

epithelial necrosis

37
Q

Whooping cough virulence factors contribute…

A

to a chronic cough, paraxysms of coughing and 50% post-pertussive coughing

38
Q

Whooping cough incubation phase

A

7-10 days

39
Q

Whooping cough catarrhal phase

A

1-2 weeks, rhinorrhea, conjunctivitis, low-grade fever and lymphocytosis

40
Q

Whooping cough paroxysmal phase

A

1-6 weeks, coughing spasms, inspiratory whoop, post-ptussive vomiting, cough lasting 2 weeks

41
Q

Whooping cough complications

A

pneumonia, encephalopathy and subconjuval haemorrhage

42
Q

whooping cough acellular vaccine

A

as part of TaP at 2, 3, 4 months and booster at 3-4 years

but may not give life-long immunity and may have reduced effects from natural infections

43
Q

Pneumonia infection

A

general term for lung parenchyma inflammation specifically

44
Q

Pneumonia alveoli

A

pus-filled so harder for gas exchange

45
Q

Pneumonia pathogenesis

A

bacteria translocates to normal sterile distal airway, overwhelms neutrophil defence, develops an inflammatory response causing neutrophils and inflammatory exudate to fill the alveolar space

46
Q

Pneumonia resolution phase

A

bacteria is cleared, inflammatory cells removed by apoptosis leading to complete recovery

47
Q

Pneumonia severe disease

A

occurs if there is excessive inflammation, lung injury, failure to resolve or blood stream invasion by pathogen

48
Q

Pneumonia symptoms

A

fever, sweats, riggers, weakness and malaise
fast heart rate, shortness of breath with low O2 levels, cough and sputum, pleuritic chest pain
signs of lung consolidations

49
Q

Pneumonia microbiological tests

A

sputum culture and sensitivities, positive gram stain, blood culture, serology, urinary antigen, PCR< viruses

50
Q

S. Pneumoniae

A

40%, gram positive cocci, alpha hemolytic, optocochin sensitive, over 90 serotypes

51
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

may complicate recent influenza, ventilator-associated pneumonia

52
Q

Klebsiella oneumonia

A

gram-negative bacilli, enterobacteriacae

53
Q

Legionella pneumonia

A

lives in warm water, i.e. showers not used for a while and bad AC

54
Q

hospital-acquired pneumonia

A

acquired at least 48 hours followingg admission, seen in elderly, ventilator-associated and post-operative patients

55
Q

hospital-acquired pneumonia diagnosis

A

new fever, purulent secretions, radiological infiltrates, white cells rise, plus increasing oxygen requirements

56
Q

earl onset under 5 days in HAP

A

organisms similar to CAP and also anaerobes

57
Q

late onset over 5 days in HAP

A

Steph, Aureus, pseudomonas aeroginosa, acinetobacter baccmanii and klebsiella pneumonia

58
Q

Lung abscess

A

seen in aspiration, alcoholics and those with poor dentition

59
Q

Lung abscess organisms

A

Streptococcus Miller, anaerobes, klebsiella pneumoniae

60
Q

Lung abscess metastatic

A

from right heart/intravenous system

61
Q

Lung abscess treatment

A

prolonged antibiotics up to 6 weeks, may need surgical drainage

Respiratory Pharmacology (17 decks)

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