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ENVI 7060 > L.7 - Surface Water > Flashcards

L.7 - Surface Water Flashcards

1
Q

What are some uses for water?

A

1) drinking
2) food preparation
3) growing crops
4) washing
5) recreation
6) industrial processes

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2
Q

What are some water withdrawal areas?

A

1) Thermal power
2) Manufacturing
3) Agriculture
4) Municipal
5) Mining

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3
Q

What percent of our water use is indoors?

A

40%

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4
Q

Define Water Pollution:

A

occurs when discharges of energy or materials degrade water

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5
Q

What is water pollution classified according to?

A

1) the nature of the pollutants
2) the source where the pollutants are released from
3) the water bodies the pollutants are being discharged into

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6
Q

How is water pollution measured?

A

measured by the concentration of pollutants being discharged into a water body and the effects that pollutant has on water uses

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7
Q

List some water pollutants of concern:

A

1) oxygen-demanding wastes
2) thermal pollutants
3) acidification
4) toxic materials
5) pathogens
6) nutrients

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8
Q

What does the saturation value of DO depend on?

A

temperature and salinity

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9
Q

Define Oxygen Demand:

A

oxygen required depends on the aquatic organisms present

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10
Q

Where does BOD come from?

A

biochemical oxygen demand is created by oxygen demanding wastes decaying in the water body

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11
Q

What is BOD used for?

A

as an indicator of wastewater treatment plant performance

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12
Q

What is BOD5?

A

the five-day BOD tests, the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms during the first five days of biodegradation

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13
Q

List some major sources of oxygen demand waste:

A

1) Wastewater
2) Agriculture
3) Organisms in lake

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14
Q

Define Nitrification:

A

oxidation of ammonia forming nitrates

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15
Q

What is CBOD?

A

oxygen demand for biological reactions involving compounds with carbon

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16
Q

What is NBOD?

A

oxygen demand by oxidation of nitrogen compounds

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17
Q

Define Nutrients (w/ ex.):

A

chemicals that are essential to the growth of living things
ex. nitrogen, carbon, iron

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18
Q

When do nutrients become pollutants?

A

when their concentrations allow excessive growth

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19
Q

Define Eutrophication:

A

the process where water bodies receive excessive nutrients resulting in excessive plant growth

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20
Q

Why is eutrophication bad?

A

1) excessive plant growth prohibits recreational activities
2) algal bloom depresses oxygen levels

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21
Q

List some sources nutrients come from:

A

1) soil
2) fertilizers
3) nitrogen deposits
4) sewage

22
Q

Define Thermal Pollution:

A

temperature changes in water bodies due to waste heat discharge

23
Q

What does thermal pollution result in?

A

1) reduced dissolved oxygen (DO)
2) accelerated eutrophication
3) blocking migration paths of fish/aquatic organisms
4) affecting ecological processes

24
Q

What are the causes of thermal pollution?

A

1) power plants creating electricity from fossil fuels, using water as a cooling agent (heat water disposed in water bodies)
2) deforestation of shoreline (aggravates soil erosion, increases light striking water)
3) soil erosion (decreases clarity of water, impurities dissolved in water, increases light absorption)

25
Q

Define pathogens:

A

microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

26
Q

Describe Waterborne pathogen transmission mechanism (w/ ex.):

A

ingestion of pathogens in drinking water (ex. cholera)

27
Q

Describe Water-washed pathogen transmission mechanism (w/ ex.):

A

incidental ingestion of pathogens in course of using water for other activities like showering, due to lack of sufficient water (ex. trachoma)

28
Q

Describe Water-based pathogen transmission mechanism (w/ ex.):

A

due to contact (no ingestion) with water infected by host organisms that develop to human parasites

29
Q

Describe Water-related pathogen transmission mechanism (w/ ex.):

A

transmitted by insects that rely on water (human water contact not needed)

30
Q

What are the drinking water guidelines in terms of TDS?

A

<500 ppm total dissolved solids

31
Q

Define Pesticides:

A

chemicals that are used to kill or control pests

32
Q

What are VOCs?

A

volatile organic compounds: organic compounds that easily become vapors or gases, and participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions

33
Q

What is the 6th UN goal?

A

Clean water and sanitation. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

34
Q

What are the two components of UN goal 6?

A

1) safe drinking
2) safe release

35
Q

What are the concerns for UN goal 6?

A

1) health of people drinking the water
2) aesthetics
3) quality of water in the environment

36
Q

What does wastewater treatment depend on?

A

effluent discharge requirements:
- ocean
- inland stream
- environmentally sensitive lakes, streams
- groundwater

37
Q

What are the 4 classifications for wastewater treatment?

A

1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Advanced (Tertiary) treatment

38
Q

What happens during a preliminary wastewater treatment?

A

pumping, screening, grit removal

39
Q

What happens during a primary wastewater treatment?

A

sedimentation: a portion of suspended solids and organic matter removed (30% BOD, 60%TSS)

40
Q

What happens during a secondary wastewater treatment?

A

further treatment of effluents from primary treatment for residual organic matter and suspended solids (90% BOD and TSS)
(using biological reactors)

41
Q

What happens during an advanced wastewater treatment?

A

effluents from secondary treatment may be further treated to reduce specific chemical constituents if discharging into environmentally sensitive waters

42
Q

What are some natural systems for wastewater treatment?

A

1) stabilization ponds (oxidation ponds)
2) wetlands

43
Q

What are the different types of stabilization ponds?

A

1) Facultative lagoon
2) Aerated lagoon
3) anaerobic lagoon
4) Maturation pond

44
Q

What are some mechanisms that affect DO in rivers?

A

1) oxygen demanding wastes
2) photosynthesis
3) respiration of organisms
4) rising water temp.
5) winter ice blocks
6) tributaries

45
Q

Define Deoxygenation:

A

removal of dissolved oxygen by microorganisms through degradation of organic matter

46
Q

Define Reaeration:

A

replenishment of dissolved oxygen through re-aeration at the water/air interface

47
Q

What assumptions are made when doing 1st order decay calcs?

A

1) instantaneous mixing at discharge point
2) no decay at discharge point

48
Q

What does the concentration of DOs depend on?

A

-temperature
-pressure
-salinity

49
Q

Define critical point:

A

point at which dissolved oxygen is minimum (stream health is at risk)

50
Q

Describe Epilimnion layer:

A

warm, well mixed surface layer

51
Q

Describe Metalimnion layer:

A

region of transition where temp. changes 1 C per m of depth

52
Q

Describe Hypolimnion layer:

A

cold, well mixed bottom layer

ENVI 7060 (12 decks)

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