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ENVI 7060 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is life cycle thinking?

A

recognizing how consuming products and engaging in activities have an impact on the environment from a holistic perspective

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2
Q

List life cycle stages for a manufactured product:

A

1) Material extraction
2) Material processing
3) Material manufacturing
4) Product life
5) End of life

can be reused, remanufactured, and recycled

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3
Q

List life cycle stages for an engineered infrastructure:

A

1) Site processing
2) Infrastructure manufacturing
3) Materials and product delivery
4) Infrastructure use
5) End of life

can be reused, remanufactured, and recycled

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4
Q

What’s the benefit of life cycle thinking?

A

to minimize shifting impact from one life cycle stage to another by considering the entire system

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5
Q

What is the difference between remanufacturing and recycling?

A

remanuf.: taking out the reusable parts and making a new product

recycling: putting in energy to make into new product

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6
Q

List some life cycle assessment components:

A

1) energy use
2) carbon emission
3) water use
4) eutrophication potential
5) solid waste production
6) toxicity impacts

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7
Q

What is the difference between renewable and sustainable?

A

renewable: regrown/reproduced over a period of time

sustainable: able to maintain at certain rate

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8
Q

What are the four components of environmental LCA?

A

1) Goal and scope definition
2) Inventory Analysis
3) Impact Assessment
4) Interpretation

(review diagram)

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9
Q

Define materials flow analysis:

A

material flow into a system, flows within system and from the system

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10
Q

List outputs for following materials with a flow system: energy, water, food, construction materials

A

emissions, sewage, solid waste, construction wastes

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11
Q

What percentage of MSW is combusted?

A

15%

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12
Q

What’s waste to energy combustion/energy recovery?

A

refers to any waste treatment that creates energy in the form of electricity or heat from a waste source

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13
Q

What is the benefit of energy recovery/WTE?

A

eliminates waste that would typically go to greenhouse gas emitting landfills

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14
Q

What does energy content of MSW depend on?

A

1) what is in the waste
2) moisture content

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15
Q

What is the different between higher heat value and lower heat value?

A

Higher heat value: complete combustion, measures temp. rise in water, includes energy that vapourize moisture

Lower heat value: recoverable energy from combustion

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16
Q

What are sources of vapour from MSW?

A

1) moisture from wastes
2) hydrogen in dry wastes reacts with oxygen to form water

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17
Q

What are some WTE incineration envi. impacts?

A

1) emissions:
- chlorinated compounds (furans) which are highly toxic
- heavy metals (lead/mercury) which affect central nervous system, organs

2) Collected ash: contains toxic materials, cannot be disposed in municipal landfill, particulate size matters

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18
Q

What are advantages of WTE incineration?

A

1) less land requirement
2) volume reduction
3) immediate destruction
4) energy recovery
5) destruction of hazardous materials

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19
Q

What are disadvantages of WTE incineration?

A

1) public perception
2) collected ashes may contain hazardous materials
3) potential of toxic substance release

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20
Q

What is a landfill cell?

A

it’s each day’s wastes received and compacted into cells

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21
Q

What is a landfill lift?

A

it is an active area that consists of multiple cells

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22
Q

What is a landfill daily cover?

A

cover of cells with a thin layer of soil

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23
Q

What does landfill sizing depend on?

A

1) rate of disposal
2) density of wastes when compacted

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24
Q

What are the four processes of decomposition?

A

1) organic matter is stabilized (depends on temp., oxygen, and moisture content)
2) leachate production
3) landfill gas generation
4) settlement

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25
Q

What are the phases of LFG during decomposition?

A

1) Aerobic (O2 present)
2) Acid (O2 gone)
3) Methanogenesis unsteady
4) methanogenesis steady

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26
Q

Define Leachate:

A

water flowing through waste, contains dissolved contaminants from buried solid waste

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27
Q

How is leachate controlled?

A
  • liners
  • monitoring wells
  • pumping
  • piping
  • capping of lanfills
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28
Q

What are the 3 goals when collecting LG?

A

1) odour reduction
2) reduce lanfill gas emissions
3) energy recovery

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29
Q

How does collecting and burning LFG reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

A

methane i converted to CO2, methane=25CO2 in greenhouse gas effect

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30
Q

What are some mechanisms that cause large settlements?

A
  • Mechanical compression
  • Biodegradation
  • Physical creep compression (erosion)
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31
Q

What are some mechanisms that cause small settlements?

A
  • Physical-Chemical compression
  • Consolidation
  • Interaction
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32
Q

What are some accepted construction demolition materials?

A

wood, soft materials (plastics, insulation), yard trimmings, roofing materials

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33
Q

What are some construction demolition materials that are not accepted?

A

treated wood, containers for liquids, household garbage, recyclable materials, hazardous waste

34
Q

Define air pollution:

A

substances introduced to the atmosphere that have damaging effects on living things and the environment

35
Q

What are some typical air pollution sources?

A
  • Vehicle Emissions
  • Industrial Emissions (wood-fired combustion)
  • Smoke & Burning (biomass burning)
  • Businesses and Industrial contributions (small businesses, concrete production, upstream oil and gas, wood industry)
36
Q

what ratio of death does air pollution cause?

A

1 in 9 deaths

37
Q

List some ways pollution affects human health:

A
  • premature deaths
  • decreased lung function
  • respiratory infections
38
Q

What is air pollution impacted by?

A

1) emissions: type, location of occurrence
2) meteorology: climate

39
Q

What impact do air pollution emissions have on urban areas?

A
  • health risk
  • reduced visibility
  • property damage
40
Q

What impact do air pollution emissions have on regional areas?

A
  • reduced visibility
  • forest decline
  • fish death
41
Q

What impact do air pollution emissions have on global areas?

A
  • skin cancer
  • severe weather
  • species extinction
42
Q

List some air pollution types:

A

1) Industrial smog
2) sulphureous smog
3) photochemical smog
4) criteria pollutants

43
Q

What’s the difference between primary pollutants an d secondary pollutants?

A

primary: pollutants that get emitted directly into the atmosphere
secondary: pollutants that are already in the atmosphere and react with sunlight

44
Q

List some primary pollutants:

A
  • combustion
    -evaporation
  • grinding and abrasion
44
Q

List some secondary pollutants:

A

photochemical smog

45
Q

What causes incomplete combustion in hydrocarbons?

A

1) combustion temp. not high enough
2) fuel type
3) O2 supply limited
4) not enough time for burning completely

46
Q

What happens if we have incomplete combustion?

A

impurities get released and form side products such as: sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon oxide

47
Q

What forms photochemical smog?

A

VOC + NOx + sunlight

48
Q

Photochemical smog + heat=

A

ground level ozone

49
Q

Define ground-level ozone/troposhperic:

A

ozone formed near ground surface (bad)

50
Q

Define stratospheric ozone:

A

good ozone formed near upper atmosphere (90%)

51
Q

What are the criteria pollutants?

A

1) sulphur oxides
2) nitrogen oxides
3) particulate matter
4) ground-level ozone
5) carbon monoxide
6) ammonia
7) VOCs

52
Q

What are sources for carbon monoxide?

A

1) burning fuel
2) second-hand smoking

53
Q

What are carbon monoxides health affects?

A

-asphyxiant (not toxic but limits oxygen available around)
-reduces body’s ability to carry oxygen in blood (without even noticing)

54
Q

What is the machine used to separate non-ferrous metals from waste?

A

eddy current separator

55
Q

What machine was used to increase recovery of ferrous metals?

A

magnetic separator

56
Q

What are nitrogen oxide sources?

A
  • thermal (temp. greater than 1200 C)
  • fuel emissions (mostly transportation and mobile equipment)
57
Q

Where do 90% sulphur oxide emissions come from?

A

fossil fuel combustion (power plants)

58
Q

What are problems caused by sulphur oxide?

A
  • acid rain (damage to building, trees, water…)
  • respiratory impact
59
Q

Where do SOx major sources come from?

A

oil and gas industry

60
Q

What are two sources of VOCs?

A
  • vapours from fuels and solvents
  • transportation sector (and oil & gas industry)
61
Q

Why are VOCs bad?

A

lead to formation of photochemical smog (VOCs + NOx + sunlight)

62
Q

Where does Ozone come from?

A

burning fossil fuels

63
Q

What are the impacts of ozone?

A

health: coughing, shortness of breath
agriculture: reduction in crop yield

64
Q

What are PM?

A

a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets in air

65
Q

Describe PM10 & PM2.5:

A

PM10: can pass through throat and nose and go into the lungs

PM2.5: can pass way into the lungs

PM>10: stopped by upper respiratory system

66
Q

What are the health impacts of PM?

A

lung cancer, other lung disease, heart disease

67
Q

What is the major source of PM?

A

residential firewood burning

68
Q

List the different environmental regulations:

A

1) Air Quality Management
2) Federal Level
3) Provincial Level
4) Regional and Municipal Levels

69
Q

What do these stand for?
CEPA
EMA
CAAQS

A

CEPA: Canadian Environmental Protection Act
EMA: Environmental Management Act
CAAQS: Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards

70
Q

What are the 3 irrelated elements that CAAQS consist of?

A

1) averaging time period
2) numerical value
3) statistical form of the numerical standard

71
Q

List the 4 Metrovan Air Quality Services

A

1) improve air quality
2) reduce greenhouse gas emissions
3) monitoring of outdoor air quality
4) tracking of emissions

72
Q

Define an adiabatic process:

A

no heat being transferred into or out of the system (air parcel), change in internal energy only done by work

73
Q

Define air parcel:

A

body of air that acts as whole and has a constant number of molecules (temp. is uniform)

74
Q

Define Lapse rate:

A

describe (air parcel) lapse in temperature with altitude

positive: temperature decreases with height
negative (temp. inversion): temp. increases with height

75
Q

What is the environmental lapse rate:

A

actual temp. of atmosphere as a function of altitude

76
Q

What are two types of monitoring?

A

1) Emissions monitoring
2) ambient monitoring

77
Q

List 3 types of emissions monitoring:

A

1) continuous emissions monitoring system
2) predictive emissions monitoring systems
3) periodic stack testing

78
Q

List 2 types of ambient monitoring:

A

1) Fenceline monitoring
2) Community monitoring

79
Q
A

ENVI 7060 (12 decks)

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