L7. Nationalism through WWII

Question 1

Define nationalism

Answer 1

A political movement that seeks to create a state for a particular nation

Question 2

What is national consciousness?

Answer 2

• a mass phenomenon
• collective awareness, identity, and shared sense of belonging that individuals within a particular nation have toward their nation.
• “the existence of a nation… is a daily referendum” (Ernest Renen)

Question 3

Why is linguistic uniformity important in defining national identity?

Answer 3

• common language (especially one spoken by lower class) is related to the idea that sovereignty should rest with the people, not the rulers
• Method of group membership
• Creates connections within population and differences from other nations

Question 4

What are the two forms of nationalism? (Contrast and compare)

Answer 4

civic:
- common territory
- adherence to principles/values/a constitution
- inclusionary
- committed to democratic ideals
Ethnic:
- defines membership in nation by common descent (blood/ancestry)
- ethnic/physical similarity
- exclusionary
- ex. Nazi

Question 5

Describe history of state cohesion in Europe from 17th-19th century

Answer 5

17th century:
- States ruled by empires
- no national solidarity
18th and 19th century
- there was cultural nationalism within empires
- nationalism as subversive
- nationalism as a problem

Question 6

Define empire

Answer 6

common political authority

Question 7

What did nationalism look like after WWI

Answer 7

• WWI legitimatized nationalism
• national “self-determination” occurred, rewarding the winners, new borders drawn benefiting the winners, breaking up the empires into individuals into nation states
• Punished losers of WWI

Question 8

What occurred during the interwar period?

Answer 8

Winners who gained territory:
- Poland
- Czechoslovakia
- Yugoslavia
- Romania
Losers who lost territory:
- Germany
- Bulgaria
- Hungary
Heterogeneity
- Czechoslovakia (German, Hungarian, Polish, Ukrainian populations)
- Poland
- Romania
- Yugoslavia
Irridentism
- Hungary
- Germany

Question 9

What was the effects of WWI and II on Nationalism in Europe

Answer 9

Promotion of national identity and ambition
- reenforced national identity (us vs. them, crisis of war fixing identity to that period strongly)
Shifting of borders
- ex. Poland migrates
Ethnic cleansing homogenizes states in both east and west Europe
- genocide and forced removal of Jews, Germans, Roma, Hungarians
- happened in Eastern-Central Europe (Western Europe was already homogenized)

Question 10

What is irredentialism

Answer 10

a policy of advocating the restoration to a country of any territory formerly belonging to it