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CMB2004 > L7-8 > Flashcards

L7-8 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of immunological tolerance

A

BCR/TCR repertoire random generation
self-reactive specificity production
prevention of autoreactivity pathology

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2
Q

3 outcomes of random TCR gene arrangement

A
  1. failing to recognize self-MHC
  2. recognizes self-MHC and Ag peptide from thymus
  3. recognizes self-MHC and peptide not present in thymus
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3
Q

what happens to the 3 outcome of random TCR arrangement

A
  1. die by neglect
    2/3 expanded by positive selection
    2 later on dies by negative selection
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4
Q

AIRE

A

Auto-Immune Regulator Protein

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5
Q

Auto-Immune Regulator Protein

A

txn factor
role in tolerance induction
tissue-specific antigen in thymus expression > negative selection

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6
Q

autoreactive B cell outcome

A

negatively selected/ deleted in bone marrow
or re-arrangement of receptor so light chain can remove self-reactivity

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7
Q

B cells in bone marrow

A

immature w no self-reaction will migrate to periphery to be rearranged (receptor editing)

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8
Q

ANERGY

A

unresponsive

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9
Q

production of anergic T cells

A

macrophage bacterial stimulation > co-stimulating signal to T recognizing bacterial antigen
> proliferation/ differentiation of T spec for bacterial protein

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10
Q

immunological ignorance

A

Ag not present at sufficient levels to activate T

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11
Q

priveleged sites

A

Ag hidden from immune via barriers/ suppressive cytokines

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12
Q

types of regulatory T cells

A

natural (arise in thymus)
induced (circulate in peripheral)

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13
Q

regulatory T cells

A

T specific for self-antigen

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14
Q

CD4+ Treg subset

A

suppresses immune response and prevents autoimmune responses

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15
Q

Treg deficiency

A

causes autoimmune syndrome

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16
Q

cytokines produced by Treg and function

A

IL-10 and TGF-beta
inhibit other self-reactive T or cell-cell contact in periphery

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17
Q

regulation B cell secretion

A

IL-10

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18
Q

cell regulation function

A

control quality and length of response
minimize damage

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19
Q

types of effector T

A

CD4+ Th 1/2/17/TregBreg/ Tfh

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20
Q

CD4+ TH1

A

Fas ligand induces apoptosis
releases bacteria destroyed by healthy macrophage

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21
Q

CD4+ th17

A

secrete IL-17
recruit neutrophils early in fungal infections

22
Q

TH1 response cytokines

A

IL-12/ IFN gamma
intracellular pathogens w cell-mediated immunity

23
Q

TH2 response cytokines

A

IL-4
pathogens> humoral immunity

24
Q

TH1 cytokine polarisation

A

^TH1 commitment
inhibits TH2/17

25
Q

TH2 cytokine polarisation

A

^TH2 commitment
inhibits TH1/TH17

26
Q

TH17 cytokine polarisation

A

^ TH17 commitment
inhibits Treg development

27
Q

Treg cytokine polarisation

A

inhibits TH1/2/17
allow successful pregancy

28
Q

function of polarized responses

A

ensure correct responses for different pathogen types
prevents allergy (excess TH2)
controls autoreactivity/ pregnancy
rid need of co-stimulation

29
Q
A
30
Q

what do immunity effector mechanisms depend on

A

pathogen type
localisation
infection stage

31
Q

types of host defence mechanisms

A

innate
acquired/ adaptive

32
Q

innate defence mechanism

A

non-specific
rapid
barriers
(skin/ mucosa/ epithelium/ intestine)
complement (C3/ defensin/ RegIII)
innate immune cells > macrophages, granulocytes, NK cells

33
Q

acquired/ adaptive immune response

A

slower
antibody action
cell-mediated
memory

34
Q

CD4+ Th1

A

against intracel pathogens
macrophage activation
cyto T stimulation (CD8+)

35
Q

CD4+ Th2

A

against extracel pathogens
produce antibodies
IgE class-switching
eosinophil/basophil/mast acivation

36
Q

CD4+ Th17

A

against extracel bacteria/fungi
attract inflam cells
early response

37
Q

2 types of bacteria

A

gram +
gram -

38
Q

TLR

A

toll like receptors
binding sites on macrophages

39
Q

no. TLR genes in humans

A

10

40
Q

NOD-like receptors

A

nucleotide-binding oligomerisation somain
intracellular sensors in cytoplasm

41
Q

PAMPs

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns
binds to TLR

42
Q

PAMP effects

A

inflam promotion/ dendritic cell maturation
T differentiation influences
B activation

43
Q

which TLRs bind nucleic acids

A

3,7,8 and 9

44
Q

antibody opsonization

A

via Fc/ C3b receptor binding on phagocytes

45
Q

complement activation

A

C3a/C5a inflam promotion
g- lysis
bind and neutralize toxins
prevent mucosal adherence

46
Q

terminal complement defect outcome

A

neisseria spp

47
Q

Th1 response

A

cytokines activate macrophages
^ efficiency of APC
stimulate inflammation

48
Q

2 types of mycobacterium leprae

A

TB
Lepromatous

49
Q

TB leprosy

A

strong th1 response
slow progression
granuloma formation

50
Q

lepromatous leprosy

A

strong Th2 response/ antibody response
bacteria in macrophages disseminated
fatal

51
Q

granuloma

A

when Th1 cells accumulate and secrete cytokines/ chemokines

52
Q
A

CMB2004 (4 decks)

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