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BIOL 112 > L6 Sugars and Lipids > Flashcards

L6 Sugars and Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A
  • A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen-oxygen ratio of 2:1
  • The typical structure of a carbohydrate is a multiple of CH2O, e.g. C3H6O3
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2
Q

What is sugar?

A

Sugar is a type of carbohydrate

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3
Q

What are the 3 functions of sugar?

A

What are the 3 functions of sugar?

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4
Q

What are the 3 categories for carbohydrates?

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
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5
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides are simple sugar molecules containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms

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6
Q

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

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7
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Disaccharides are 2 monosaccharides linked together

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8
Q

What is an example of a disaccharide?

A

Table sugar
→ it is made of fructose and glucose

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9
Q

What are polysacchirides?

A

Polysaccharides are 3 or more monosaccharides linked together (more like 100-1000 monosaccharides)

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10
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides? (3)

A
  • cellulose
  • chitin
  • starch
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11
Q

Which two functional groups are always found in sugar?

A
  • one carbonyl
  • several hydroxyl groups
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12
Q

Give 2 examples of carbonyl groups

A
  • an aldose
  • a ketose
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13
Q

What is the relationship between an aldose and a ketose

A

They are isomers

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14
Q

What are isomers?

A

Isomers are molecules with an identical molecular - that is the same number of atoms of each element - but distinct arrangements of atoms in space

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15
Q

What are optical isomers? (stereoisomers)

A
  • Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the 3 dimensional orientation of their atoms in space
  • Optical isomers are mirror images of each other
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16
Q

What is an example of sugars that are optical isomers?

A

Glucose and galactose
- glucose is the sugar in fruit
- galactose is the sugar in milk

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17
Q

What happens to straight-chain glucose in solution?

A

It forms another covalent bond to become the ring form of glucose.

18
Q

What are the two types of glucose rings?

A

Alpha-glucose and beta-glucose

19
Q

What is the relationship between alpha-glucose and beta-glucose

A

They are 2 isomers of glucose

20
Q

How are sugar polymers (polysaccharides) formed?

A

They are formed by covalent bonds called glycosidic linkages, between the C-1 of one sugar with any OH-group of the second sugar

21
Q

What does the alpha1,4 glycosidic linkage give rise to?

A

It gives rise to maltose, and eventually starch

22
Q

What does the beta1,4 glycosidic linkage give rise to?

A

It gives rise to cellobiose and eventually cellulose

23
Q

In starch, are the CH2OH bulky groups on the same side or on opposite sides?

A

They are on the same side
→ this bends the polymer resulting in the shape of a spiral

24
Q

In cellobiose, are the CH2OH bulky groups on the same side or on opposite sides?

A

They are on opposite sides.
→ this makes a very symmetrical straight molecule

25
Q

What are lipids?

A

Lipids can be all kinds of structures: the only thing that they have in common is that they are insoluble in water

26
Q

What are the roles of lipids? (7)

A
  • energy storage (fats and oils)
  • cell membranes (phospholipids)
  • capture of light energy (carotenoids)
  • hormones and vitamins (steroids and modified fatty acids)
  • thermal insulation
  • electrical insulation of nerves
  • water repellency (waxes and oils)
27
Q

What are the most important lipids? (2)

A

Fats (solid) and oils (liquid)

28
Q

What are fats and oils composed of?

A

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol connected by covalent bonds

29
Q

What are fatty acids composed of?

A

Fatty acids have one carboxyl group and a long hydrocarbon chain

30
Q

What property do fatty acids have?

A

They are amphiphilic

31
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids are fatty acids that contain double bonds

32
Q

What does it entail that unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds?

A
  • The double bonds cause kinks in the fatty acid tails
  • Because of this, unsaturated fatty acids cannot be packed as closely together as straight saturated fatty acids
  • And this is the reason that butter is solid at room temperature (saturated) and oils are fluid at the same temperature (unsaturated)
33
Q

What are phospholipids composed of?

A

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails that are attached to glycerol

34
Q

What property do phospholipids have?

A

They are amphiphilic

35
Q

What unique capability to phospholipids have?

A

They can self assemble into lipid bilayers, with the hydrophobic fatty acid tails pointing inward away from water, and the hydrophilic head pointing outwards

36
Q

Lipid bilayers assemble into what shape?

A

Into a globular compartment (sphere)

37
Q

Why is it energetically favorable for lipid bilayers to assemble into a globular compartment?

A

Because no more hydrophobic parts are exposed to water

38
Q

Do lipid bilayers move?

A

Yes, lipid bilayers are very fluid, with phospholipids constantly in lateral motion

39
Q

What is the effect of unsaturated fatty acids in lipid bilayers on the fluidity and permeability of the membrane?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids in lipid bilayers increase the fluidity and permeability of the membrane

40
Q

How do fish and plants use double bonds in phospholipids to keep membrane fluidity stable over a wide variety of temperatures?

A

They adjust the amount of double bonds that they have to do so. (Increase the number of double bonds to become more permeable and more fluid).

BIOL 112 (7 decks)

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