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Developmental Biology > L6 - Introduction to Drosophila > Flashcards

L6 - Introduction to Drosophila Flashcards

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1
Q

Positives of mice as animal models?

A

Good genetics

Well established model

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2
Q

Negatives of mice as animal models?

A

Expensive
Slow reproductive cycle
Ethical restrictions/home office

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3
Q

Positives of chicks as animal models?

A

Accessible embryology

Low cost

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4
Q

Negatives of chicks as animal models?

A

No genetics

Ethical restrictions/home office

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5
Q

Positives of zebrafish as animal models?

A

Accessible embryology

Reasonable low cost

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6
Q

Negatives of zebrafish as animal models?

A

Genetics problematic

Ethical restrictions

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7
Q

Positives of drosophila as animal models?

A 
Accessible embryology and adult developmental stages 
Very low cost 
Fast reproductive cycle 
Good genetics 
No ethical restrictions
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8
Q

Negatives of drosophila as animal models?

A

Not a vertebrate

Kept at live stocks

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9
Q

Drosophila life cycle

A

Live around 60 days
Life cycle
- 10 days at 25oC
- 21 days at 18oC

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10
Q

Drosophila life cycle stages

A
  1. Fertilised egg (cleavage)
  2. Syncytial blastoderm (gastrulation)
  3. Embryo (hatching)
  4. Larva
  5. Pupa (metamorphis)
  6. Adult fly
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11
Q

Drosophila history - 1910

A

Morgan discovered a white eyed fly

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12
Q

Drosophila history - 1913

A

Sturtevant constructed first genetic map - genes arranged in a linear order

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13
Q

Drosophila history - 1914

A

Bridges showed that chromosomes must contain genes

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14
Q

Drosophila history - 1927

A

Muller showed that X-rays cause mutations and chromosomal rearrangements

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15
Q

Drosophila history - 1980

A

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wischaus undertook a saturation mutagenesis to identify genes involved in development and patterning of larval cuticle

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16
Q

Drosophila history - 1980s

A

Technical and methological advances

  • P-element transformation - transgenics
  • Enhancer trap - promoter trapping
  • Gal4/UAS - gene misexpression
  • FLP/FRT - clonal mutant analysis
  • RNAi - ex vivo and in vivo
  • ‘omic’ technologies - genome, transcriptome, proteome
17
Q

Drosophila history - 2014

A

Drosophila melanogaster genome release 6

  • 143 million bp
  • 137.6 million bp on the 7 chromosome arms
  • Remaining gaps of around 1.5Mbp all in heterochromatin regions
18
Q

Drosophila melanogaster ptp61F - a tyrosine phosphatase sequence was compared to?

A 
Drosophila simulans - 3.4 my
Drosophila erecta - 6.8 my
Drosophila ananassae - 9.5 my
Drosophila pseudoobscura - 23.7my
Drosophila virilis	- 34.5my  
Protein encoding exons are conserved – don’t  diverge as quickly
19
Q

How many offspring can flies produce in roughly 2 weeks?

A

Around 200

20
Q

How is Drosophila courtship passed down generations?

A 
Strong reproducible behaviour
Genetically encoded (not learned)
21
Q

What are some examples of Drosophila courtship?

A 
Orientation 
Tapping 
Wing vibration 
Licking 
Attempted copulation
22
Q

In flies what does the testes consist of?

A

Consist of hub cells
Stem cells located adjacent to hub
Cells further away differentiate

23
Q

What do Hub cells secrete?

A

Unpaired - JAK/STAT pathway ligand

24
Q

Oogenesis

A

Females only need to mate once in lifetime
Seminal receptacle stores sperm
Eggs drilled into food when laid

25
Q

How are stem cells maintained in the embryo?

A 
4x incomplete cystoblast mitotic divisions
Selection of future oocyte
- Nurse cells - endo-reduplication
- Oocyte 
  - Diploid nucleus
  - Meiotic recombination
26
Q

What does the fly sperm fuse with?

A

The female pro-nucleus

27
Q

What is the function of nurse cells?

A

They are support cells

Supply egg with protein, yolk, RNAs - maternal contributions

28
Q

How are the maternal contributions from nurse cells transferred into oocyte?

A

Transferred into developing oocyte via cytoplasmic dumping

Occurs via ring canals

29
Q

How are nurse cells replicated?

A

Endo-reduplication
- DNA replication without cytokinesis
Many copies of the genome

30
Q

What are polytene chromosomes?

A 
All sister chromatids lie together
Bands - little gene activity 
Interbands - active genes
Puffs - extremely active gene
5000 bands - each 22 kb
31
Q

Microtubule transport is used to?

A

Aid subcellular localisation

  • Minus and plus ended motors
  • Glue anchors them in position
32
Q

What is chorin?

A

Egg shell

Secreted by the follicle cells

33
Q

What is the vitelline membrane?

A

Hydrophobic

Protects from drying out

34
Q

What does early development via nuclear divisions look like?

A

Nucleus replicates DNA with no cell division

Uses maternal material form nurse cells

35
Q

What happens after the 14th nuclear division?

A

Membranes grow from outside and each nucleus gets pinched of into its own cell

Developmental Biology (16 decks)

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