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SCIENCE 11 > L5:Population Dynamics > Flashcards

L5:Population Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

A group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area
Can be described through its characteristics such as:

A

Density (Number/area)
Distribution/Dispersion
Numbers (size)
Age Structure

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2
Q

Pertains that population’s growth depends on the resources of the environment

A

Limits to Growth

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3
Q

Focuses on the study of populations of organisms within a particular species and their interactions with the environment.

A

POPULATION ECOLOGY

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4
Q

It involves the examination of factors such as population size, population density, population growth rates, distribution patterns, and the factors that influence these parameters.

A

POPULATION ECOLOGY

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5
Q

The study of the size and distribution of biodiversity over space and time

A

BIOGEOGRAPHY

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6
Q

Aims to reveal where organisms live, and at what abundance

A

BIOGEOGRAPHY

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7
Q

The study of the vital statistics that affect population size

A

DEMOGRAPHY

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8
Q

Birth (Natality), Death (Mortality), Immigration, Emigration

A

DEMOGRAPHY

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9
Q

These 4 processes collectively determine the population’s growth or decline.
__
__
__
__

A

Birth (Natality)
Death (Mortality)
Immigration
Emigration

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10
Q

processes collectively determine the population’ size:

Number of individuals added through reproduction

A

NATALITY

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11
Q

processes collectively determine the population’ size:

Number of individuals removed through death

A

MORTALITY

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12
Q

In Natality:

births per 1000 refers to?

A

Crude Birth Rate

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13
Q

In Natality:

Average number of children born alive per woman in her lifetime refers to?

A

Total Fertility Rate

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14
Q

In Mortality:

Crude Death Rate refers to?

A

deaths per 1000

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15
Q

Refers to Average number of children born alive per woman in her lifetime

A

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

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16
Q

Number of individuals in a specific area (or volume) of habitat (i.e. individuals/ km2; individuals/ mL)

A

DENSITY

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17
Q

Dependent on distribution and dispersal patterns

A

DENSITY

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18
Q

In Density,

It refers to (no further classifications, i.e., no idea how many males or females; no info on how many are in the pre-reproductive category, etc.) – information is more useful if combined with distribution data

-total number of individuals or biomass per unit of the total space

A

Crude density

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19
Q

What are the three patterns of distribution in populations of organisms:

A

uniform
random
clumped

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20
Q

Distribution Pattern:

Not as common
May happen when there is competition
Resources are scarce

A

UNIFORM

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21
Q

Distribution Pattern:

Quite rare
Hard to determine as truly random or clumpy
Less competition due to availability of resources

A

RANDOM

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22
Q

Distribution Pattern:

Most common type
More individuals will be present in areas that are favorable to them
Resources are clumped

A

Clumped

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23
Q

Distribution Pattern:

Territorial birds, such as penguins, tend to have __ distribution.

A

uniform

24
Q

Distribution Pattern:

Plants with wind-dispersed seeds, such as dandelions __ distribution.

A

Random

25
Q

Distribution Pattern:

Animals, such as elephants, that travel in groups exhibit tend to have __ distribution.

A

clumped

26
Q

___ & ___ are useful measures for characterizing populations. Scientists gain additional insight into a species’ biology and ecology from studying how individuals are spatially distributed

A

Density and size

27
Q

There are __ kinds of Factors affecting distribution. They are:

____

A

2;
Density Dependent
Density Independent

28
Q

Kind of Factor Affecting Distribution:

limiting factors become more intense as population size increases; usually biological in nature

A

Density dependent

29
Q

Kind of Factor Affecting Distribution:

factors unaffected by population density; usually physical in nature

A

Density independent

30
Q

Competition for Resources
Predation
Parasitism
Infectious Disease

are example of _____ factor affecting density distribution.

A

Density dependent

31
Q

Floods
Hurricanes
Unseasonable weather
Fire
Clear-cutting
Pesticide spraying

are example of _____ factor affecting density distribution.

A

Density Independent

32
Q

Give the formula of population Change:

A

POPULATION CHANGE = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)

Note: Rule of 70: To calculate the doubling time for a population in years, divide 70 by the percent growth rate ®

33
Q

Population Size:

Populations ____through births (B) and immigration (I)

Populations ____through deaths (D) and emigration (E)

A

Increase

Decrease

34
Q

Divides population into age categories or ecological age groups

A

Population Age Structure

35
Q

In population age structure, _____ add individuals only to the base of the pyramid, and ____ only removes individuals from the population at all ages after birth.

A

births;
death

36
Q

What limits population growth?

Resources competitors in terms of:

___
___
___
___

A

Biotic potential (r)

Environmental resistance

Ecosystem carrying capacity (K)

Rate of increase

37
Q

Biotic potential refers to?

A

Ability of population to increase under ideal environment.

As with other organisms, this is and always has been a survival strategy against food deprivation, predation, and parasitism

38
Q

Rate at which a population would grow if it had unlimited resources

Maximum rate of increase per individual under conditions with no environmental pressures to the population

A

Biotic Potential (r)

39
Q

In nature, ___is rarely reached

A

biotic potential

40
Q

The following contributes to _____

-lack of food or nutrients
-lack of water
-lack of suitable habitat
-adverse weather habitat
-predator
-disease
-parasites
-competitors

A

Environmental Resistance

41
Q

The following contributes to _____

-reproductive rate
-ability to migrate or disperse
-ability to invade new habitats
-defense mechanism
-ability to cope with adverse conditions

A

Biotic Potential

42
Q

maximum number of individuals that can be sustained in a particular habitat

A

Carrying Capacity (K)

43
Q

Determined by limiting factors which affect the amount of resources available

A

Carrying Capacity (K)

44
Q

occurs when population size is limited by carrying capacity

striving for dynamic equilibrium

deals with density dependent controls

A

Logistic growth

45
Q

population expands by increasing increments

the more individuals
there are to reproduce

overshoot is usually followed by a crash

dramatic increase in deaths

A

Exponential growth

46
Q

striving for dynamic equilibrium and deals with density dependent controls

A

OVERSHOOTING CAPACITY

47
Q

overshoot is usually followed by a __. A dramatic increase in deaths.

A

crash

48
Q

This can happen due to various factors such as rapid reproduction, immigration, or the availability of abundant resources. As a result, the population may experience a period of rapid growth and expansion.

A

OVERSHOOTING CAPACITY

49
Q

In overshooting capacity, because the environment has finite resources, this period of rapid growth is often followed by a __ in population as resources become___. It can occur due to increased competition for resources, environmental degradation, disease, or other factors that limit population growth.

A

decline;
scarce

50
Q

Patterns of timing of reproduction and survivorship Can be summarized in __

A

SURVIVORSHIP CURVES

51
Q

There are three main types of survivorship curves namely ___,___,___

A

Type I – late loss
Type II – constant loss
Type III – early loss

52
Q

-Rectangular survivorship on semilogarithmic plot: little mortality until old age, then fairly steep mortality

-Typical for top consumers (i.e., large mammals, humans), many annual plants

-Some very small organisms (i.e., predatory protozoa and rotifers

A

TYPE I (Late Loss)

53
Q

-Diagonal line: relatively constant death rates with age
-The probability of death of organism is generally unrelated to age
-E.g., birds – die from accidents, poisoning, and other factors

A

TYPE II (Constant Loss)

54
Q
  • Inverse hyperbolic: extremely steep juvenile mortality, then relatively high survivorship afterward
    i.e., organisms at the base of the food chain
    i.e., many plant & tree species, fish, marine invertebrates & most insects
A

TYPE III (Early Loss)

55
Q

What are the reasons for die-back?

A

Catastrophic Loss of Resources
Introduction of New Predator
Disease

56
Q

condition observed in plants where sections of a plant, or sometimes the entire plant, experience a progressive decline in health and vigor, leading to the death of branches, shoots, or even the entire plant over time.

A

Die-back

SCIENCE 11 (4 decks)

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