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neuroscience > L5 - overview of the auditory system > Flashcards

L5 - overview of the auditory system Flashcards

1
Q

what do we use sound for ?

A 
communication
emotion
recognise different sound
topographic view of the auditory world
survival
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2
Q

how is sound relayed from the ear to the brain

A

highly specialised mechanisms in the cochlea

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3
Q

what features of sound need encoding

A

sound frequency (pitch) - Hz
sound intensity - dB
onset
duration

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4
Q

what range of sound frequency can we hear

A

x10^3 Hz

achieved by cochlear mechanisms and physiology of the hair cells

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5
Q

what range of sound intensity can we hear

A

x10^12 dB

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6
Q

what is a rapid onset important for ?

A

localising different sounds and creating a topographic map of auditory space

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7
Q

structure of human ear

A

sound enters outer ear
travels across the middle ear using the ossicles
transferred to the cochlea in the inner ear

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8
Q

what is the cochlea

A

snail shell structure that contains sensory hair cells and nerve fibres that transmits the sound to the brain as a neuronal signal

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9
Q

what are the 3 chambers of the cochlea

A

scala vestiboli
scala media
scala tympani

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10
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

sensory organ in the cochlea that contains the sensory hair cells, is located at the bottom of the Scala media

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11
Q

what innervates the cochlea

A

the auditory nerve

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12
Q

what do the Scala vestibuli and tympani contain

A

perilymph - solution similar to the ECF - low K+ and normal Ca2+ concentrations

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13
Q

what does the Scala media contain

A

endolymph - very high K+ conc and very low Ca2+ conc

due to having a very active pumping from cells in the stria vascularis

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14
Q

what is the potential in the Scala. media ?

A

endocochlear potential - important for cochlea function

difference in potential of. around 140mv to that of solution of hair cells

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15
Q

what are the inner hair cells of organ of corti

A

single row, sensory cells of. cochlea

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16
Q

outer hair cells of organ of corti

A

3 rows - function as the cochlea amplifier

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17
Q

what does the frequency range depend on ?

A

size of animal
pressure to communicate over long distance, hunting and survival
low frequencies can travel greater distances than higher frequencies

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18
Q

specialised functions to do with ultrasonic sounds

A

echolocation in bats

sonar for dolphins

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19
Q

what is the tonotopic organisation of the mammalian cochlea

A

spiraled cochlea - allows to hear as much as possible

  • hair cells at base respond to high frequency sounds
  • hair cells at apex respond to low frequency sounds
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20
Q

what is the reserve piano

A

the sensory hair cells in the cochlea are like individual keys on a piano. Each key being a narrow frequency range

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21
Q

what is tonotopicity established by

A

the basilar membrane travelling wave

22
Q

what is the basilar membrane travelling wave

A

sound vibrations enter cochlea, there is a pressure wave that travels along the different compartments from the base of the cochlea to the apex. This creates a wave along the basilar membrane that causes a maximal movement that corresponds to the frequency of the sound

23
Q

describe the width and stiffness of the basilar membrane

A

narrow and stiffer at the base
wider and more flexible at the apex

therefore the highest sound frequencies cause a peal movement towards the base of the cochlea and lower frequencies cause a peak a the apex

24
Q

describe the general hair cell

A

stereocillia hair bundle projecting from apical surface and the mechanoelectrical transducer channels located on shorter rows of stereocilia connected to taller rows by tip links

25
Q

what happens when force is applied to tip links

A

pull open the MET channels allowing current into the hair cell

26
Q

state of tip links at rest

A

slight tension on a few of the tip links so a few channels are open

27
Q

what does slight tension on tip links lead to at rest

A

inward resting transducer current carried by transducer ions, depolarises inside of the hair cell slightly, giving it a more depolarised resting membrane potential

28
Q

what is the apical surface of the hair cell and steriocillia surrounded by ?

A

endolymph

29
Q

what is the body of the hair cell surrounded by

A

perilymph

30
Q

what does a slightly depolarised resting potential the hair cell result in

A

activates some of the calcium channels and leads to a resting action potential firing rate in the nerve fibres called the spontaneous rate

31
Q

what is the spontaneous rate caused by

A

slight tension on tip links, activating calcium channels leading to a resting action potential firing rate in the nerve fibres

32
Q

what is excitatory deflection

A

when the hair cell is being stimulated - in response to excitatory phase, elicits a large movement/deflection of the hair bundle, pulls tip links, opens all of the transducer channels in the cell. Leads to a large current that depolarises the cell. This depolarisation opens the voltage gated calcium channel. Causes neurotransmitter release and increases the AP frequency in the nerve fibre. The depolarisation also activates K+ channels, means K+ moves out of the cell, helps to depolarise the hair cell back top its resting potential, ready for the next cycle

33
Q

what is inhibitory deflection

A

large deflection of the hair bundle in the opposite direction
tip links become slack - closes most of the transducer channel
no MET current
fully hyper polarises the hair cell below its resting potential
resulting in no or very few action potentials
potassium channels in cell are open longer than Ca2+ as have a more negative voltage activation range, allows cell to become fully hyperpolarsied

34
Q

what are the primary sensory receptors of the mammalian cortex

A

primary sensory receptors

35
Q

function of the primary sensory receptors

A

At rest the is a resting transducer current
Creates spontaneous activity in the nerve fibres
In response to sound, the nerve bundle deflects and the hair cell depolarises
Increases nerve activity
Sound pulls hair bundle back, hyperpolarizes the cell
Reduces the firing load
The membrane pot inside the cell therefore ossiclates between polarised and hyperpolarized values at the same fequency as the stimulating sound

36
Q

What is the IHC response to low frequencies

A

the membrane potential follows the sound and does so up to around 2-3KHz

37
Q

where do oscillations begin to saturate in IHCs

A

2-3KHz

38
Q

how do IHCs respond to sounds above 2-3KHz

A

with a sustained graded receptor potential

39
Q

what AP do IHC nerve fibres show at low frequency

A

pulses of AP that match the sound frequency

40
Q

what AP do IHC nerve fibres show at high frequency

A

a sustained AP

41
Q

role of outer hair cells

A

function as the cochlea amplifier

42
Q

how do OHCs receive info

A

contacted by many efferent fibres, these carry the instructions from the brain to the OHCs.
these are inhibitory and turn the outer hair cells off

43
Q

what are the efferent fibres associated with

A

postsynaptic cisterns

44
Q

what cell membrane do OHCs have

A

prestin in the cell membrane, molecule that allows the cell to contract or elongate in response to changes in the membrane potential, allows the cell to become electrimotile

45
Q

outline the transduction of OHCs

A

1) resting transducer current, larger than the IHCs, therefore the resting potential is more depolarised
2) sound stimulation - OHC depolarisation and hyper polarisation matching the sound frequency
3) . causing the cell to shorten and elongate
4) this matches the sound frequency and makes the cell a dancing hair cell
5) shortens with depolarisation and lengthens with hyperpolarsiation
6) as there are 3 layers of cells, this combined with the up and down movement acts as positive feedback to increase the movement of the basilar membrane and increase. stimulation of the inner hair cells

46
Q

change in movement of the basilar membrane without OHC amplification

A

movement of basilar membrane is small but still shows a degree of tuning (decreases hearing by 40-50dB)

47
Q

change in movement of the basilar membrane with OHC amplification

A

sharp increase of basilar membrane displacement over very narrow region, corresponds to the sound frequency

48
Q

what does sharp tuning ensure

A

ensures each hair cell is sharply tuned to narrow frequency bands

49
Q

type 1 afferent neurons in the cochlea

A

innervate IHCs
each IHC has 10-30 type 1 afferents - more resilient to nerve damage
each fibre contacts a single IHC
function - to carry all the sound from IHCs to the cochlea nucleus

50
Q

type 2 afferent neurons in the cochlea

A

enter the organ of corti and turn basalt to intercalate OHCs
branched contact up to 30 OHCs also synapse in the cochlea nucleus
not sure of function

neuroscience (12 decks)

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