L11 - modern questions in memory and learning Flashcards

1
Q

what is the evaluator module

A

memories stored in specific locations in the brain, written by the evaluator module, so when something good happens get a change in synaptic connections. When see stimulus again activate certain parts of the brain previously modified. Modifies that part of the brain to a certain motor action

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2
Q

outline Pavlov’s dog exp

A

bell + food - dog learned to salivate when bell rang due to conditioned learning
bell = neutral stimulus before conditioning, after conditioning it is a conditioned stimulus - predicts reward

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3
Q

outline conditioning in flies

A

pair door with sugar reward or electric shock

flies have a choice between odours - go towards odour associated with reward

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4
Q

what is a Kenyon cell

A

intrinsic neurons of the mushroom body

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5
Q

outline properties of Kenyon cells

A

receive multiple projection neurons

require multiple simultaneous inputs to fire

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6
Q

what do different Kenyon cells respond to

A

different odours

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7
Q

why do Kenyon cells fire selectively

A

as they require multiple simultaneous inputs to fire

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8
Q

outline the olfactory associative memory in drosophila

A

receives reward/punishment, activates different dopaminergic neurons and simultaneous co-activation of an odour specific subset of Kenyon cells, leads to synaptic plasticity at the output synapses of Kenyon cells activated by the odour. This changes the outward synapse of Kenton cell leading to another neuron
changes the behavioural output

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9
Q

what does the GAL4/UAS system allow

A

to artificially express arbitrary transgenes in specific cells

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10
Q

what is GAL4

A

transcription factor expressed in yeast

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11
Q

how can it be put into the fly genome

A

combine with an enhancer that will be active within certain cells in bodu
can be done randomly or specifically

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12
Q

what does GAL4 bind to

A

the upstream activating system (UAS)

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13
Q

what happens when GAL4 binds to UAS

A

recruits RNA polymerase, which induces upstream transcription of anything following UAS

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14
Q

what does the split-GAL4 system allow

A

greater specificity in which cells express our transgene

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15
Q

how to get enhancer specific to small populations of neurons

A

take Gal4 and cut into 2 pieces - DNA binding domain and activation domain.
Take the halves and express under control of different promotors. Only cells in where both halves are active will you have both halves of GAL4 being expressed
add zipper domain on each half and then In cells with both being expressed the 2 zipper domains will join up

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16
Q

what binds the UAS sequence

A

DNA binding domain

17
Q

what recruits the RNA polymerase

A

activation domain

18
Q

what is the mushroom body made up of

A

Kenyon cells

19
Q

what is the relationship between output neurones (MBONs) and dopaminergic neurons (DANs)

A

1-1 matching

20
Q

what was expressed in the flies in the behaviour chamber

21
Q

what did the flies with CsCrimson do ?

A

approached the light

22
Q

what does having reward dopaminergic neurons in the same compartment as avoid output neurons do / punishment with approach output

A

weaken connections

23
Q

what happens if shocked then get odour

A

the odour is positive as it indicates end of the pain

24
Q

what happens if get odour then shock

A

avoid odour as it predicts pain

25
in forward and backward pairing experiments, how is the connection modulated
artificial stimulation of the dopaminergic neuron by using an ATP receptor (P2X2) apply different stimulation protocols
26
what happens if dopamine stimulation comes before
strengthen synapse
27
what are the 2 dopamine receptors in Kenyon cells
DOPR1 and DOPR2
28
what is DOPR1
signals through Gs pathway - signals production of cAMP - important for forward learning (odour precedes reward/potentiating synapse)
29
what is DOPR2
signals through Gq pathway - results in ER Ca2+ release - backward pairing (depressing synapse)
30
what is EPAC
sensor for cAMP
31
what is ER-GCaMP
measure calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum
32
what happens when dopamine comes before the odour
get a calcium release from the ER
33
what are projections neurons onto Kenyon cells in humans
mossy fibres onto granule cells in cerebellum
34
what do mossy fibres form
parallel fibres which are intersected by purkinje cells
35
what depresses synapses between granule cells and purkinje cells
signals coming from the climbing fibres
36
what drives motor learning
LTD between granule cells and purkinje cells
37
function of the electro sensory lobe of weakly electric fish
actively emits electric pulses to detect prey using an electric field
38
how does it ignore its own electric pulse
active granule cell cancelled out by the matching efferent copy by depressing the synapse between the granule cell and the purkinje cell