L5: Methods Of Philosophizing;

Question 1

This topic shall introduce methods or ways of looking at truth and what will be considered as mere “opinions”.

Answer 1

Methods of philosophizing

Question 2

_____ founded phenomenology establish from the early ___ century.

Answer 2

Edmund Husserl. 20th

Question 3

_____ is the scientific study of the essential structures of consciousness.

Answer 3

Phenomenology

Question 4

This focuses on careful inspection and description of phenomena or appearance

Answer 4

Phenomenology: On Consciousness

Question 5

Defined as any object of conscious experience

Answer 5

Phenomenology: On Consciousness

Question 6

______, German philosopher had used the same word to refer to the world of our experience

Answer 6

Immanuel Kant

Question 7

____ refers to the ideas that emerge from the philosophy of Rene Decartes.

Answer 7

Cartesian

Question 8

Outer reality is separate and distinct and can only be understood in rational terms through cognitive process of deduction

Answer 8

Cartesian Theory

Question 9

Outer reality is separate and distinct and can only be understood in
_____ through ____ of _____

Answer 9

rational terms. cognitive process. deduction

Question 10

intentionally directing one’s focus to an object

Answer 10

Intentionality

Question 11

“_____”- all questions of truth or reality and simply describes the content of consciousness

Answer 11

Brackets. Or simply, asking qs

Question 12

A philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will

Answer 12

Existentialism: On Freedom

Question 13

_______ known as the first existentialist (___ Century, ____ Philosopher) insisted that the authentic self was the ?

Answer 13

Soren Kierkegard, 19th, Danish.
personal chosen self

Question 14

_____, French Philosopher, emphasizes the importance of free individual choice, regardless of the power of other people to influence and coerce our desires, beliefs and decisions

Answer 14

Jean Paul Sartre

Question 15

____ is a late 20th-century movement in philosophy and literary theory that generally questions the basic assumptions of Western philosophy in the modern period (roughly, the ___century through the ___ century)

Answer 15

Postmodernism. 17th - 19th

Question 16

Believe that humanity should come at truth beyond the rational to the non-rational elements of human nature, including spiritual

Answer 16

Postmodernism : On Cultures

Question 17

Postmodernist consider that to arrive truth, humanity should realize the _____________

Answer 17

limits of reason and objectivism

Question 18

They value our existence in the world and our relation to it.

Answer 18

Postmodernist

Question 19

Postmodernism says that there is no real truth. It says that knowledge is always _____ and not discovered. Because knowledge is made by people, a person cannot know something for sure - all ideas and facts are ‘____’ instead of ‘_____’.

Answer 19

made or invented. believed. known

Question 20

Focus on future, breaks past

Answer 20

Modernism

Question 21

Truth is based on emotions

Answer 21

Postmodernism : on culture

Question 22

_____- an analytic philosopher, language is socially conditioned.

Answer 22

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Question 23

Originate primarily in 20th century in English speaking part of the world

Answer 23

Analytic Tradition

Question 24

Before studying reasons, science, emotions, logic we must know _____ first

Answer 24

language

Question 25

We should have a _______ in searching for truth

Answer 25

deep knowledge of language

Question 26

Analytic Tradition depends on

Answer 26

Depends on the expressions

Question 27

Imperative of knowing the language

Answer 27

Analytic Tradition

Question 28

“Can language objectively describe the truth?”

Answer 28

Analytic Tradition

Question 29

5th method of philosophizing

Answer 29

Logic and Critical Thinking: Tools in Reasoning

Question 30

____ is centered in the analysis and construction of arguments.

Answer 30

Logic

Question 31

_____ is distinguishing facts and opinions or personal feelings

Answer 31

Critical Thinking

Question 32

_____ also takes into consideration cultural systems, values and beliefs

Answer 32

Critical Thinking

Question 33

Two basic types of reasoning.

Answer 33

Inductive reasoningDeductive reasoning

Question 34

based on observations to generalize

Answer 34

Inductive reasoning

Question 35

reasoning draws conclusions from usually one broad judgement or definition and one specific assertion

Answer 35

Deductive reasoning

Question 36

Is a defect in an argument other than it having false premises

Answer 36

Fallacy

Question 37

1. kind of appeal to emotion
2. claim in the absence of evidence. No definite proof.
3. words used in multiple meanings leading to confusion or false conclusions
4. What is true for a particular one can be a truth by a whole.
5. Taking an attribute of a whole or a class and assuming that it must also necessarily be true of each part or member
6. Cirticizing the persons themselves rather than their beliefs or ideas.
7. appeals intimidation or use force to gain acceptance
8. gives more emphasis on the emotions and opinions of the people as the basis of conclusion.
9. Assumed that true events are related.
10. When someone reaches a conclusion that is based on too little evidence
11. assumes that the statement is self-evident(true) when it requires proof

Answer 37

1. Appeal to pity
2. ” Ignorance
3. Equivocation
4. Composition
5. Division
6. Against the person
7. ” Force
8. ” People
9. False Cause
10. Hasty Generalizations
11. Begging the Qs