Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

comp animal phys > L5-Control Signalling > Flashcards

L5-Control Signalling Flashcards

1
Q

3 Control Mechanisms

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. “Direct communication”
  3. Chemical Messaging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gap Junctions are a form of what kind of communication between cells?

A

Direct intracellular communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Direct intracellular communication involves _____ _______ between the interacting cells by 3 mechanisms: (list them)

A

Direct intracellular communication involves PHYSICAL CONTACT between the interacting cells by 3 mechanisms:

  1. through GAP JUNCTIONS
  2. through TRANSIENT LINKAGES
  3. through NANOTUBES
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gap junction as largely used in what kind of muscle?

A

cardiac/smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are gap junctions? function?

A
  • Gap junctions are minute tunnels that BRIDGE the CYTOPLASM of neighbouring cells in some types of tissues.
  • SMALL MOLECULES and IONS are directly exchanged w/o entering ECF
  • permit ELECTRICAL SIGNALS to spread from one cell to the next in CARDIAC and SMOOTH muscle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gap junctions close in response to:

A

an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and H+ ion concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain transient linkages

A

some cells (ie. immune system cells) have specialized markers on their outer membranes that allow for direct transient link-ups between cells that have COMPATIBLE MARKERS.

think “space station” when thinking about “transient”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are nanotubes? function?

A
  • long tubes with internal actin-filament support surrounded by membrane
  • allow for transfer of SIGNAL MOLECULES and ORGANELLES
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In what types of cells are nanotubes mostly found?

A

in developing cells (insects and mammals) and in immune cells (mammals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

6 categories of intercellular chemical messengers

A
  1. paracrines
  2. neurotransmitters
  3. hormones
  4. neurohormones
  5. pheromones
  6. cytokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

INTERcellular messengers are also known as:

A

ligands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What kind of proteins are receptor proteins usually?

A

transmembrane glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Paracrines: what are they? give an example.

A
  • local chemical messengers whose effect is exerted only on NEIGHBOURING CELLS
  • ex: histamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If the paracrine action of a cell affects the same cell that secreted them, they are called ____

A

AUTOCRINES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are paracrines distributed?

A

by SIMPLE DIFFUSION (hence why it’s short-distance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Role of histamine

A

Histamine is a PARACRINE.
During inflammatory response within an invaded or injured tissue, histamine DILATES BLOOD VESSELS in the vicinity to increase blood flow to the tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neurocrines: what are they? give an example.

A
  • NEUROTRANSMITTERS
  • molecules released by neurons as a result of electrical signals
  • communicate directly with cells innervated by said neurons
  • SHORT-RANGE chemical messengers
  • ex: norepinephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Endocrines: what are they? give an example.

A

HORMONES

  • LONG-RANGE chemical messengers
  • secreted into circulation by ENDOCRINE GLANDS
  • ex: testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neuroendocrine: what are they? give an example.

A
  • NEUROHORMONES
  • hormones released by NEUROSECRETORY NEURONS
  • LONG-RANGE
    ex: oxytocin (associated with positive social behaviour), vasopresin
20
Q

Pheromones: what are they? give an example.

A
  • chemical signals released into the ENVIRONMENT by glands
  • travel through air or water to sensory cells in other animals.
  • a type of EXOCRINE secretion
    ex: alarm pheromone
21
Q

Cytokines: what are they?

A
  • can be local or long range
  • made in most cells
  • involved in development and immunity
22
Q

Categories of chemical messenger structures (7):

A
  1. Eicosanoids
  2. Gases
  3. Purines
  4. Amines
  5. Peptides and proteins
  6. Steroids
  7. Retinoids
23
Q

Eicosanoids are derivatives of ________

A

Eicosanoids are derivatives of FATTY ACIDS

24
Q

Eicosanoids are normally part of which category of intercellular chemical messengers?

A

paracrines

25
Q

gases are normally part of which category of intercellular chemical messengers?

A

paracrines

26
Q

T/F Gas chemical messenger are organic

A

FALSE. Inorganic.

NO, CO, H2S

27
Q

The primary purine messengers are:

A

adenosine and ATP

28
Q

Purines are normally part of which category of intercellular chemical messengers?

A

paracrines and neurotransmitters

29
Q

Peptides and proteins can be part of which categories of intracellular chemical messengers?

A

proteins and peptides could be paracrines, cytokines, neurohormones, or hormones

30
Q

Amines can be part of which categories of intracellular chemical messengers?

A

paracrines and hormones

31
Q

amines are ______ and derivatives

A

Amines are AMINO ACIDS and derivatives

32
Q

Steroids are derivative of ________

A

Steroids are derivative of CHOLESTEROL

33
Q

T/F steroids can directly diffuse through cell membrane

A

True

34
Q

Steroids are normally part of which category of intercellular chemical messengers?

A

mostly hormones, may be pheromones

35
Q

Retinoids are derivative of ______

A

Retanoids are derivative of VITAMIN A

36
Q

Retinoids are _____ involved in _____ and _____

A

Retinoids are PARACRINES involved in DEVELOPMENT and DIFFERENTIATION

37
Q

Are responses determined by messengers or receptors?

A

Messenger connects to receptor, but RESPONSE IS DETERMINED BY RECEPTOR

38
Q

Why do we have side effects associated with drugs?

A

Because same messenger can have different effects based on receptor.

39
Q

T/F: Most messengers enter the cell

A

FALSE. Most messengers DO NOT enter the cell

40
Q

2 broad types of signal transduction mechanisms:

A
  1. Lipophilic (lipid soluble)

2. Lipophobic (water soluble)

41
Q

Lipophilic signal transduction

A
  • messenger penetrates or dissolves INTO cell through the plasma membrane
  • Binds to receptor INSIDE the cell
42
Q

Lipophobic signal transduction

A

-Binds on receptor ON CELL MEMBRANE because it cannot dissolve

43
Q

3 Things a lipophobic signal transduction can do:

A

a. open or close specific channels in the membrane to regulate movement of ions into or out of cell
b. activate an enzyme that phosphorylates a protein
c. Transfer signal to a second messsenger

44
Q

3 types of gated receptor-channels

A
  1. Chemically or ligand gated
  2. Voltage gated
  3. Mechanically gated
45
Q

Chemically gated receptor channels general steps

A
  1. extracellular messenger binds to receptor
  2. binding of receptor leads to opening of channel
  3. ions enter or leave cell
  4. ion entry brings about desired result
46
Q

General steps in a receptor-enzyme mechanism

A
  1. extracellular messenger binds to receptor
  2. binding messenger leads to activation of protein kinase enzyme site
  3. protein kinase activates designated protein
  4. activated designated protein brings about desired response
47
Q

Genera steps of a second-messenger (G-protein coupled receptor) mechanism

A
  1. extracellular (first) messenger binds to receptor
  2. Receptor activated G-protein
  3. G protein activates effector protein
  4. effector protein produces second messenger
  5. second messenger activates protein kinase
  6. protein kinase activates designated protein
  7. active designated protein brings about desired response

comp animal phys (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions