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comp animal phys > L12 - PNS II > Flashcards

L12 - PNS II Flashcards

1
Q

2 divisions of the PNS and where they receive from/carry info to

A

Afferent: from sensors to CNS
Efferent: From CNS to effector organs, muscles, glands, etc.

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2
Q

3 components of the efferent nervous system

A
  1. Autonomic NS
  2. Somatic NS
  3. Enteric NS
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3
Q

Sweat glands are only innervated by _____ nerves

A

Sympathetic

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4
Q

The autonomic nervous system innervates:

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and non-motor organs.

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5
Q

ANS is subdivided into _____ and _____ nervous systems

A

ANS is subdivided into SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC nervous systems

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6
Q

Digestive activities are controlled by the ____ nervous system, the _____ nervous system, and by _____

A

Digestive activities are controlled by the AUTONOMIC nervous system, the ENTERIC nervous system, and by HORMONES.

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7
Q

What types of organs does the enteric NS supply?

A

digestive organs only

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8
Q

3 classes of neurons:

A

efferent, afferent, and interneurons

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9
Q

Afferent neurons have a sensory receptor at their ____ ending

A

Afferent neurons have a sensory receptor at their PERIPHERAL ending

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10
Q

What does the cell body of an afferent neuron lack?

A

Dendrites and presynaptic inputs

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11
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system promote responses to prepare vertebrates for?

A

strenuous physical activity (ex: physical threat)

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12
Q

ANS regulation of many targets shows three characteristics:

A
  1. dual innervation
  2. continuous antagonistic actions of SNS and PNS
  3. Smooth muscle shows a basal tone (i.e., lowest possible level) that is modified by ANS input.
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13
Q

Where is the cell body of an afferent neuron located?

A

adjacent to the spinal cord in a ganglion (central axon passes into the dorsal root of the spinal cord)

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14
Q

The peripheral axon of an afferent neuron extends from the ____ to the ____ ____ and is (long/short?)

A

The peripheral axon of an afferent neuron extends from the RECEPTOR to the CELL BODY and is LONG.

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15
Q

The central axon of an afferent neuron extends from the ____ ____ into the ____ and is (long/short?)

A

The central axon of an afferent neuron extends from the CELL BODY into the SPINAL CORD and is SHORT.

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16
Q

Which type of neuron exists entirely within the CNS?

A

interneuron

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17
Q

Efferent neuron cell bodies originate in the ___

A

CNS

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18
Q

about 99% of mammalian neurons are ____

A

interneurons

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19
Q

more complex actions require a greater number of ________

A

interneurons

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20
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

heart

A

SNS: increased HR and force of contraction of whole heart (B1)
PNS: Decreased HR and force of contraction of atria only.

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21
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

blood vessels

A

SNS:constriction (a1)
PNS: dilation of the penis and clitoris only

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22
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

lungs

A

SNS: dilation of bronchioles (B2). Inhibition of mucus secretion (a)
PNS: constriction of bronchioles. Stimulation of mucus secretion.

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23
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

digestive tract

A

SNS: Decreased mobility (a2, B2). Contraction of sphincters to prevent forward movement of contents (a1). Inhibition of digestive secretions (a2).
PNS: increased motility. Relaxation of sphincters. Stimulation of digestive secretions.

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24
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

gallbladder

A

SNS: relaxation
PNS: contraction (emptying)

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25
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

urinary bladder

A

SNS; relaxation (B2)

PNS: Contraction (emptying)

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26
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

eye

A

SNS: Dilation of pupil (contraction of radial muscle) (a1). Adjustment for far vision (B2)
PNS: Constriction of pupil (contraction of circular muscle). Adjustment for near vision.

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27
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

liver (glycogen stores)

A

SNS: glycogenolysis (glc release) (B2)
PNS: None

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28
Q 
Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:
adipose cells (fat stores)
A

SNS: Lipolysis (FA release) (B2)
PNS: None

29
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

exocrine pancreas

A

SNS; inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretion (a2)

PNS: Stimulation of pancreatic exocrine secretion (important for digestion)

30
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

sweat glands

A

SNS: Stimulation of secretion by MOST sweat glands (a1)
PNS: stimulation of secretion by SOME sweat glands

31
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

salivary glands

A

SNS: stimulation of small volume of thick saliva rich in mucus (a1)
PNS: stimulation of large volume of watery saliva rich in enzymes

32
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

adrenal medula

A

SNS: Cholinergic stimulation of epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion
PNS: none

33
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

Endocrine pancreas

A

SNS: inhibition of insulin secretion, stimulation of glucagon secretion (a2)
PNS: stimulation of insulin and glucagon secretion

34
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

genitals

A

SNS: ejaculation and orgasmic contractions
PNS: erection of penis and clitoris

35
Q

Effect of sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation on:

brain activity

A

SNS: increased alertness
PNS: none

36
Q

increased HR, opening of respiratory airways, glyc and fat breakdown, and dilation of blood vessels are all the _____ nervous system’s way of increasing ____ and _______ blood to skeletal muscles in anticipation of ____ ____

A

increased HR, opening of respiratory airways, glyc and fat breakdown, and dilation of blood vessels are all the SYMPATHETIC nervous system’s way of increasing OXYGEN and NUTRIENT-ENRICHED blood to skeletal muscles in anticipation of STRENUOUS ACTIVITY.

37
Q

Innervated blood vessels are mostly under ____ control

A

Innervated blood vessels are mostly under SYMPATHETIC control (except penis and clit)

38
Q

the autonomic nerve pathway is a ___-neuron chain

A

two-neuron chain

39
Q

SNS neurons originate in the _______ regions of the spinal cord

A

SNS neurons originate in the THORACOLUMBAR regions of the spinal cord

40
Q

PNS neurons originate in the __ and ___ region of the spinal cord

A

PNS neurons originate in the BRAIN and SACRAL region of the spinal cord

41
Q

SNS has ___ ____ preganglionic fibers and ___ ___ postgangionic fibers

A

SNS has SHORT CHOLINERGIC preganglionic fibers and LONG ADRENERGIC postganglionic fibers

42
Q

PNS has ____ ____ preganglionic fibers and ___ ___ postganglionic fibers.

A

PNS has LONG CHOLINERGIC preganglionic fibers and SHORT CHOLINERGIC postganglionic fibers

43
Q

the adrenal medulla releases E and NE into the ___

A

blood

44
Q

Which nerve accounts for 90% of all parasympathetic fibers in the body and serves almost all organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

A

Vagus nerve

45
Q

3 options for preganglionix axon once it reaches a sympathetic nerve trunk ganglion

A
  1. synapse at the same level
  2. synapse at a higher or lower level
  3. synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column
46
Q

site of origin of PS vs S fibers

A

PS: fibers are craniosacral
S: fibers are thoracolumbar

47
Q

location of ganglia in PS vs S fibers

A

PS: ganglia are located in or near visceral effector organs
S: ganglia are close to spinal cord

48
Q

Effects of neurotransmitters depend on the ____

A

receptor

49
Q

which receptor type is found on the postganglionic cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia?

A

cholinergic nicotinic receptors

50
Q

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors respond to which NT?

A

ACh

51
Q

What occurs when ACh binds with a cholinergic nicotinic receptor?

A

binding of ACh to receptor causes nonspecific cation channels to open in the postganglionic cell. This permits passage of both Na+ and K+, causing the CELL TO DEPOLARIZE (since more Na+ enters the cell than K+ leaves)

52
Q

Which receptor type is found on effector cell membrane innervated by parasympathetic fibers?

A

Cholinergic muscarinic receptors

53
Q

How do cholinergic muscarinc receptors bring about a response?

A

By binding to ASCh released by PS postganglionic fibers. This receptor is linked to a G protein which activates a 2nd messenger system.

54
Q

4 types of adrenergic receptors

A

a1, a2, B1, B2

55
Q

B2 receptors primarily bind with _____

A

epinephrine

56
Q

B1 receptors bind with ____ and ____

A

E and NE

57
Q

T/F ALL adrenergic receptors are coupled to G proteins

A

TRUE

58
Q

activation of B1 and B2 receptors brings about target cecll response by means of the ______________ system.

A

activation of B1 and B2 receptors brings about target cecll response by means of the CYCLIC AMP 2ND MESSENGER system.

59
Q

Stimulation of a1 receptors elicits a response via the _________ system

A

Stimulation of a1 receptors elicits a response via the IP3/Ca2+ 2ND MESSENGER system

60
Q

a2 stimulation responds via blocking ________ production in the target cell. This inhibits the response in the effector organ.

A

a2 stimulation responds via blocking CYCLIC AMP production in the target cell. This inhibits the response in the effector organ.

61
Q

Atropine ___ the effect of ACh at ____ receptors but does not effect ______ receptors

A

Atropine BLOCKS the effect of ACh at MUSCARINIC receptors but does not effect NICOTINIC receptors

62
Q

subtype “1” of adrenergic receptors is usually ____ and subtype “2” is usually ____

A

subtype “1” of adrenergic receptors is usually EXCITATORY and subtype “2” is usually INHIBITORY

63
Q

Which adrenergic receptor is found primarily in the heart?

A

B1

64
Q

Does atropine block sympathetic or parasympathetic NS?

A

Atropine blocks parasympathetic NS

65
Q

SNS has two types of ganglia:

A

sympathetic chain ganglia and collateral ganglia. Located near spinal cord.

66
Q

PNS has one type of ganglion:

A

terminal ganglia. Located near walls of target organs.

67
Q

Which is more branched? S division or PS division?

A

sympathetic

68
Q

What is the region which is most directly responsible for autonomic output? Controls cardiovascular, respiratory, digestion?

A

the medulla within the brainstem.

69
Q

NT affinities in alpha and beta receptors

A

alpha receptors have a greater affinity for NE than E.
Beta 1 receptors bind equally to both.
Beta 2 receptors bind primarily to E.

comp animal phys (14 decks)

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