L5 Bioactive Molecules in Food Flashcards
What diet lowered the incidence of CVD?
Mediterranean by 30%
What are nutraceuticals?
Naturally derived bioactive compounds found in foods, dietry products, herbal products
What are 3 properties of nutraceuticals?
Health promoting
Disease preventing
medicinal properties
What are functional foods?
Foods which contain an ingredient that gives us health-promoting properties over & above its nutritional value eg. probiotic yoghurts
What are 5 biofactors found in food?
Hydroxytyrosol
Procyanidins/catechins
Reseveratrol
Quercetin
Pyrroloquinoline quinone
What factor is present everywhere in the organic world?
Coenzyme Q10
What are 3 roles of Q10?
produce ATP, protect FA oxidation, DNA protection
What are 2 other biofactors
Curcumin
Astaxanthin
What are antioxidants?
Substances that slow/prevent oxidation of other molecules by oxidizing agents
What are free radicals?
Molecular or atomic species with one or more unpaired electrons making it very reactive
How do antioxidants protect cells?
remove free radicals & protect cel
What is ORAC?
Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity
What is the most powerful antioxidant?
Hydroxytyrosol
What has EFSA approved hydroxytyrosol for?
Protection of blood lipids from oxidative damage (5mg/day)
What are 3 HT properties?
Cardioprotection
UV protevtion
Antiaging
What are 3 applications for HT?
Food preservation
Pharma
Beauty & cosmetics
What was seen when HT was given to poultry?
Liver health improved in those animals
Less feed produced more meat that is leaner
What are 4 health benefits from Flavonoid?
Antioxidants
Anti-cancer
UV filter
Antiinflammatory
What are 4 pros of HT?
Rapid absorption
Can cross BBB
Metabolite of DA - neuroprotection
Fat & water soluble - highest bioavailability
What are 3 production methods of food biomolecules?
Physical
Chemical synthesis
Biotechnological
What are 3 physical methods?
extraction from natural sources
Ultrasound
Adsorption/solvent extraction
However present in low conc.
What are 3 chemical synthesis methods?
Chem. transformation
Chem. synthesis
Heavy metal catalyst
however they can generate toxic byproducts
What are 3 biotechnological methods?
Enzyme/bacteria/yeast
cell culture
Protein/pathway engineering
best method
What are 5 factors that affect what method you choose?
Availability
Cost of production
seasonal variation
purity
sustainability
What is used to design a metabolic pathway?
Computer models
How is the pathway built?
in host & relevant genes inserted
How is the test ran?
at optimal levels of temp, pH & other conditions
Why do researchers analyse results?
For areas of potential improvements for futuyre experiments
What is the framework for biotechnology production?
DBTL - design, build, test, learn
What are 3 variable of biotech production?
Substrate
Process
Catalyst
What are 5 steps in product production?
Fermentation
Enzyme isolation
Immobilization
Biocatalysis
Product recovery/biocatalyst recycling
What does enzymatic biotransformation depend on?
Structure
What is an example of a substrate for HT?
Tyrosol uses monophenolase
What substrate can use a reducing agent to produce HT?
Quinone uses ascorbic acid
What are 2 ways of enzyme engineering?
Site directed mutagenesis
Random mutagenesis
What increases enzyme yield?
Heterologous expression of enzyme
What are 3 pros of immobilization of a biocatalyst?
Stability
Reusability
Product recovery is easy
What is whole cell biotransformation?
Can express any enzyme in a cell and use the whole cell as a substrate
what 2 strains can be used to produce HT?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae & E.Coli
What class does reveratrol belong to?
Class of polyphenic compounds calloed stilbenes
What does plants produce resveratrol to?
Stress, injury, fungal infection & UV
What 2 forms of resveratrol are there?
Trans & cis
What are the best eliciting conditions for resveratrol bioproduction?
Aeration rates at 0.025-2vvm
speed of agitation from 50rpm-100
density inoculum (40g/L)
conc of sucrose from 20-60g/L
What can you produce R from in yeast?
Glucose/etahnol using s. cerevisiae
What does AtMYB12 activate?
Broad set of genes involved in metabolic pathways responsible of producing natural compounds of use to the plant
What does AtMYB12 bind directly to?
Promoters of genes encoding enzymes of primary metabolism
What can 1 tomato produce?
Same quantity of R in 50 bottles of red wine
same amount of Genistein in 2.5kg of tofu
What are 2 examples of downstream processing of HT?
Liquid-liquid extraction
Solid phase extraction
What are 5 steps of solid phase extraction?
Amberlite XAD-4 (Solid support)
After binding
Water washes
Ethanol extract
Conc. product
How is HT extracted in liquid liquid extraction?
Ethyl acetate extraction of HT
What is an example of in situ product?
Use of boronic acid gel for HT recovery from reaction medium
What are 5 downstream processes?
Harvest
Purification
Concentration, Drying, Formulation
Packing
Quality check
What is a key activity for any biomolecule?
Successful scale-up of bioprocess steps
What are 6 considerations of scaling?
Unpredictable
Adjust formula for larger scale
Identify relevant building codes
Right equipment
Changes to instruments
Cleaning & sterilization
What are drawbacks of polyphenol?
Low solubility
poor stability
short half life
faster elimination
How do smart delivery systems improve drawbacks?
Improved solubility, Stability, Bioavailability
Targeted delivery
Prolonged released
What are 3 delivery systems?
Double water in oil water emulsion
Gelled double emulsion
encapsulation
What are pros of encapsulation?
Protection of sensitive compounds
Controlled release of active ingredients
Increased shelf life
Improved flavour stimulation
What are 6 types of nanoparticles?
Metallic
Polymeric
Liposomes
Nano emulsions
Cyclodextrin
Protein based
What is Novel Food according to EU law?
Food not used for human consumption to a significant degree at EU level before 15/05/1997
