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Emerging Issues in Biotech > L5 Bioactive Molecules in Food > Flashcards

L5 Bioactive Molecules in Food Flashcards

1
Q

What diet lowered the incidence of CVD?

A

Mediterranean by 30%

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2
Q

What are nutraceuticals?

A

Naturally derived bioactive compounds found in foods, dietry products, herbal products

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3
Q

What are 3 properties of nutraceuticals?

A

Health promoting
Disease preventing
medicinal properties

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4
Q

What are functional foods?

A

Foods which contain an ingredient that gives us health-promoting properties over & above its nutritional value eg. probiotic yoghurts

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5
Q

What are 5 biofactors found in food?

A

Hydroxytyrosol
Procyanidins/catechins
Reseveratrol
Quercetin
Pyrroloquinoline quinone

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6
Q

What factor is present everywhere in the organic world?

A

Coenzyme Q10

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7
Q

What are 3 roles of Q10?

A

produce ATP, protect FA oxidation, DNA protection

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8
Q

What are 2 other biofactors

A

Curcumin
Astaxanthin

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9
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Substances that slow/prevent oxidation of other molecules by oxidizing agents

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10
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Molecular or atomic species with one or more unpaired electrons making it very reactive

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11
Q

How do antioxidants protect cells?

A

remove free radicals & protect cel

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12
Q

What is ORAC?

A

Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity

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13
Q

What is the most powerful antioxidant?

A

Hydroxytyrosol

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14
Q

What has EFSA approved hydroxytyrosol for?

A

Protection of blood lipids from oxidative damage (5mg/day)

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15
Q

What are 3 HT properties?

A

Cardioprotection
UV protevtion
Antiaging

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16
Q

What are 3 applications for HT?

A

Food preservation
Pharma
Beauty & cosmetics

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17
Q

What was seen when HT was given to poultry?

A

Liver health improved in those animals
Less feed produced more meat that is leaner

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18
Q

What are 4 health benefits from Flavonoid?

A

Antioxidants
Anti-cancer
UV filter
Antiinflammatory

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19
Q

What are 4 pros of HT?

A

Rapid absorption
Can cross BBB
Metabolite of DA - neuroprotection
Fat & water soluble - highest bioavailability

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20
Q

What are 3 production methods of food biomolecules?

A

Physical
Chemical synthesis
Biotechnological

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21
Q

What are 3 physical methods?

A

extraction from natural sources
Ultrasound
Adsorption/solvent extraction
However present in low conc.

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22
Q

What are 3 chemical synthesis methods?

A

Chem. transformation
Chem. synthesis
Heavy metal catalyst
however they can generate toxic byproducts

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23
Q

What are 3 biotechnological methods?

A

Enzyme/bacteria/yeast
cell culture
Protein/pathway engineering
best method

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24
Q

What are 5 factors that affect what method you choose?

A

Availability
Cost of production
seasonal variation
purity
sustainability

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25
What is used to design a metabolic pathway?
Computer models
26
How is the pathway built?
in host & relevant genes inserted
27
How is the test ran?
at optimal levels of temp, pH & other conditions
28
Why do researchers analyse results?
For areas of potential improvements for futuyre experiments
29
What is the framework for biotechnology production?
DBTL - design, build, test, learn
30
What are 3 variable of biotech production?
Substrate Process Catalyst
31
What are 5 steps in product production?
Fermentation Enzyme isolation Immobilization Biocatalysis Product recovery/biocatalyst recycling
32
What does enzymatic biotransformation depend on?
Structure
33
What is an example of a substrate for HT?
Tyrosol uses monophenolase
34
What substrate can use a reducing agent to produce HT?
Quinone uses ascorbic acid
35
What are 2 ways of enzyme engineering?
Site directed mutagenesis Random mutagenesis
36
What increases enzyme yield?
Heterologous expression of enzyme
37
What are 3 pros of immobilization of a biocatalyst?
Stability Reusability Product recovery is easy
38
What is whole cell biotransformation?
Can express any enzyme in a cell and use the whole cell as a substrate
39
what 2 strains can be used to produce HT?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae & E.Coli
40
What class does reveratrol belong to?
Class of polyphenic compounds calloed stilbenes
41
What does plants produce resveratrol to?
Stress, injury, fungal infection & UV
42
What 2 forms of resveratrol are there?
Trans & cis
43
What are the best eliciting conditions for resveratrol bioproduction?
Aeration rates at 0.025-2vvm speed of agitation from 50rpm-100 density inoculum (40g/L) conc of sucrose from 20-60g/L
44
What can you produce R from in yeast?
Glucose/etahnol using s. cerevisiae
45
What does AtMYB12 activate?
Broad set of genes involved in metabolic pathways responsible of producing natural compounds of use to the plant
46
What does AtMYB12 bind directly to?
Promoters of genes encoding enzymes of primary metabolism
47
What can 1 tomato produce?
Same quantity of R in 50 bottles of red wine same amount of Genistein in 2.5kg of tofu
48
What are 2 examples of downstream processing of HT?
Liquid-liquid extraction Solid phase extraction
49
What are 5 steps of solid phase extraction?
Amberlite XAD-4 (Solid support) After binding Water washes Ethanol extract Conc. product
50
How is HT extracted in liquid liquid extraction?
Ethyl acetate extraction of HT
51
What is an example of in situ product?
Use of boronic acid gel for HT recovery from reaction medium
52
What are 5 downstream processes?
Harvest Purification Concentration, Drying, Formulation Packing Quality check
53
What is a key activity for any biomolecule?
Successful scale-up of bioprocess steps
54
What are 6 considerations of scaling?
Unpredictable Adjust formula for larger scale Identify relevant building codes Right equipment Changes to instruments Cleaning & sterilization
55
What are drawbacks of polyphenol?
Low solubility poor stability short half life faster elimination
56
How do smart delivery systems improve drawbacks?
Improved solubility, Stability, Bioavailability Targeted delivery Prolonged released
57
What are 3 delivery systems?
Double water in oil water emulsion Gelled double emulsion encapsulation
58
What are pros of encapsulation?
Protection of sensitive compounds Controlled release of active ingredients Increased shelf life Improved flavour stimulation
59
What are 6 types of nanoparticles?
Metallic Polymeric Liposomes Nano emulsions Cyclodextrin Protein based
60
What is Novel Food according to EU law?
Food not used for human consumption to a significant degree at EU level before 15/05/1997

Emerging Issues in Biotech (9 decks)

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