L4 (week 11)- Perception Flashcards
(26 cards)
What does sensation refer to and how does perception differ from this?
information reaching our….. preception is our …… of the sensory info
Sensation is the information reaching our sensory organs in energy form and perception is our analysis of the sensory information to internally describe the surrounding environment.
What is the top-down approach?
Background influence
Influences of background knowledge we already hold, guided by internal intentions.
What is the bottom-up approach?
Beggining with environment/stimuli (sensations)
What are the 2 main points of ecological approach to perception?
That we should focus on real environments not 2D stimuli, and that all neccesary information can be picked up from the environment.
What was found in Gibson’s 1947 study regarding picture performance tests in pilots?
how did tests relate to actual perrformance?
That the test results didn’t relate to actual performance at all.
What is meant by ‘ecological optics’?
direct/indirect
That experiments with 2D stimuli (indirect) for example, are not helpful and that experiments need to involve the environment directly (direct).
What is meant by ‘ambient optic array’?
the S of light reflecting
This is the structure of light reflecting off surfaces.
What is an invariant?
consistant
something that is unchanging/constant over time
What is an affordance?
a banana affords being eaten
Something we see that provides us with information about an object (like how all chairs are different but we can tell its a chair just by looking at it).
What was Holway and Boring’s 1941 study on and what did they find?
size
Size distance invariance; they found that perceived size relates directly to perceived distance.
What was Gibson’s study in 1979 suggesting and is it supported now?
light tells us what? what does it discount?
That patterns of light directly afforded the use of objects, this view is controversial as it discounts any knowledge held by the individual viewing the object.
What are the 2 key principles of constructivism?
1 - info from sensations are….
2 - therefore we need….
That information from sensations are incomplete and imperfect AND therefore we need perceptual knowledge to unconsciously construct our perceptions.
Name 2 illusions and their author and year.
1) face (G)
2) K illusion (k)
1) The hollow face illusion (Gregory, 1970)
2) Kanisza illusion (Kanisza, 1955)
What are 2 examples of experimental evidence for top-down processing?
the C S effect
the O S effect
1) The configural superiority effect
2) the object superiority effect
What is the object superiority effect?
Object > no object
That we recognise things that are part of an object better than when they are on their own.
What is the configural superiortiy effect?
context/arrangement
that we are better at recognising objects by their context/arrangement (what they are put near).
Regarding top-down and bottom-up approaches, which is currently the most accepted?
Top? bottom? both?
Integrated views of both are most commonly considered now.
What does ‘Gestalt’ refer to?
what do we use to gain knowledge on the world around us? S + PE
That we use our senses and previous experiences to gain knowledge about the world around us.
What are the 5 ‘Gestalt’ laws of organisation?
(how we perceive objects) P, S, C, GC, CF
1) proximity
2) similarity
3) closure
4) good continuation
5) common fate
What do the 5 gestalt laws mean?
P, S, C, GC, CF
C: gaps
GC: break
CF: speed
1) proximity - elements that are close together are seen to group together.
2) Similarity - elements that are similar are perceived as grouping together.
3) closure - filling in the gaps of incomplete objects to see them as whole
4) good continuation - no perceived break in continuation where objects intersect.
5) common fate - objects moving in the same direction and speed are perceived as a group.
What are 3 fault’s with Gestalt’s principles?
are they complex? are they helping to progress? what dimension does it apply to?
1) Viewed as too simplistic
2) descriptive in nature not predictive
3) only applies to 2D NOT 3D displays.
What are the 5 constraints (dictated factors) of object recognition?
1) speed
2) viewpoint
3) new example
4) hidden
5) noise
1) recognition occurs rapidly: we can quickly identify an object
2) objects can be recognised from novel viewpoints
3) New examples of a know object can be recognised: we can recognise a chair even if we have not seen that style of it before.
4) occluded objects can still be recognised: a car parked behind a wall can still be seen as a car even if a small part is showing.
5) Objects can be recognised depsite visual noise: we can still see what an object is regardless of how many other objects surround it.
What does viewer-centered representations suggest about how we determine objects?
many versions, angles, matching process
The idea that we hold multiple representations of an object in our mind that capture the appearance of an object including viewing angles. We rotate object in our mind until it ‘matches’ one of our pre-existing examples.
What does object-centered representations suggest about how we determine objects?
how many forms? based on S of I. do viewpoints matter?
The idea that objects are represented in unitary form based on its shape of importance, viewpoints are irrelevant (therefore object-centred).
