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Neurosciences L > L4 Retinal Processing > Flashcards

L4 Retinal Processing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main purpose of the sclera?

A

light reflection

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2
Q

What is the main purpose of the retina?

A

It is where light perception takes place

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3
Q

What is accommodation?

A

It is changes in the lense shape to refract light @ the correct angle in distance and near vision

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4
Q

Where is the focal point in emmetropia (normal vision)?

A

at the retina

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5
Q

Where is the focal point in myopia (near sighted)?

A

ahead of the retina

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6
Q

Where is the focal point in hyperopia (farsighted)?

A

behind the retina

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7
Q

Where is the region of high visual acuity?

A

fovea

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8
Q

Where is the fovea located?

A

w/in the macula lutea

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9
Q

What is the blind spot of the eye?

A

the optical disk or papilla

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10
Q

Why don’t we notice the blind spot in our eyes?

A

Our eyes are always moving the make up for the blind spot

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11
Q

What is the visual field ?

A

what you are actually looking at in space

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12
Q

What is the retinal field?

A

How visual field is projected on to the retina

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13
Q

What is the relationship b/n the retinal and visual field?

A

the retinal field is the visual field upside down and backwards

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14
Q

Why does the inf. field require more peripheral monocular vision?

A

b/c our vision is partially blocked by our nose

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15
Q

Where does optical cross over occur?

A

at the optic chiasm

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of photorecptors?

A

rods and cones

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17
Q

What would cause complete vision loss?

A

damage to the optic nerve

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18
Q

Where are the photoreceptive components located?

A

in the the epithelial cells

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19
Q

T/F photoreceptive aspects of rods and cones don’t need to be recycled

A

False, they do need to be recycled

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20
Q

What is the chem. in rods that abs. light?

A

Rhodopsin

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21
Q

What are the two diff. b/n rods and cones?

A
  1. Which chem is present
  2. what wavelength of light they respond to
22
Q

When are photoreceptors depolarized?

A

in the dark

23
Q

What happens when photoreceptors are depol?

A

Glutamate is released
Na+ chnls are open

24
Q

What causes photoreceptors to hyperpol?

A

Light

25
Q

What happens when photoreceptors are exposed to light?

A

No glutamate prod.
Na+ chnls close

26
Q

what % of vitamin A is stored in the liver?

A

50-85%

27
Q

T/F Vit A is essential for signaling an recycling

A

true

28
Q

What is the major structural diff b/n rods and cones?

A

Rods have a larger photoreceptive area

29
Q

What type of ganglion are NMDA receptors assoc w?

A

Off-center

30
Q

What type of ganglion are mGLU receptors assoc w?

A

On center

31
Q

What are functional ganglion responses due to?

A

bipolar cell responses via glutamate

32
Q

T/F glutamate is only inhibitory

A

false, it is inhibitory and excitatory

33
Q

What variables determine receptive fields of retina?

A

duration of spot illlumin.
size of spot illumin.
background light intensity

34
Q

Where are cones located?

A

macula zone

35
Q

Comparing rods and cones, which is more abundant overall?

A

Rods

36
Q

What do rods sense?

A

light

37
Q

What do cones sense?

A

color and detail

38
Q

what are luminance units?

A

candela (cd) / unit area (m^2)

39
Q

What is most active during scotopic function?

A

only rods

40
Q

What is most active during mesopic function?

A

rods and cones are equally active

41
Q

What is most active during photopic function?

A

only cones

42
Q

What is protanopia?

A

loss of red opsins

43
Q

What is deuteranopia?

A

loss of green opsins

44
Q

What is trichromat?

A

having all three opsins

45
Q

What types of synapses are in the retina?

A

chemical and electrical

46
Q

Amacrine cells have lateral receptors. Why?

A

for identification of motion and shape

47
Q

What cells release GABA in lateral information flow?

A

horizontal cells

48
Q

What is the point of lateral inhibition?

A

promotes contrast enhancement and edge detection

49
Q

What type of signaling does lat. inhibition rely one?

A

Gap junctions

50
Q

What is retinal prosthesis?

A

inserting a computer chip directly in the retina to relay to the nerve

51
Q

What is the difference b/n retinal and cortical prosthesis?

A

retinal is in the retina
cortical is from the visual cotex

52
Q

What encodes the visual scene?

A

retinal ganglion cells which are processed in the visual cortex

Neurosciences L (5 decks)

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