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205; BB Adaptation > L4:Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

L4:Plant Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

how do plants overcome that fact that they cannot search for a partner

A
  • use a vector for pollen dispersal

- become self fertilized

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2
Q

what are the two types of asexual reproduction

A

vegetative

agamospermy

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3
Q

true or false, ~80% of angiosperms reproduce asexually

A

true

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4
Q

true or false, trees add modules vertically to grow

A

true

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5
Q

what is a phalanx

A

invade as a group

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6
Q

what is a geurrellia type

A

invade using individual parts

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7
Q

where is vegetative reprod. best developed

A

environments where sexual reprod. is disadvantaged
lack of pollinators
unfavorable conditions for flowering

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8
Q

what is the trade off in vegeative reproduction

A
  • trade offs between maintaining successful genotype and costs of producing clones with little genetic diversity for long term evolutionary change
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9
Q

what is agamospermy

A

asexual reprod. via seeds, but the seeds are a clone of the parental type

  • seeds are produced without fertilization
  • sometimes requires stimulus of pollination to occur
  • common in 75% apomicts: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae
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10
Q

what is the advantage of agamospermy

A
  • seed dispersal and dormancy adaptations and preserve successful genotypes but unable to provide genetic novelty
  • true obligate agamospermy rare
    eg. blackberry, dandelion
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11
Q

disadvantage of selfing

A

reduce genetic diversity

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12
Q

advantages of selfing

A
  • provide reproductive assurance
  • reduce mating costs
  • preservation of successful genotypes (in unstable env.)
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13
Q

what is self pollination

A
  • perfect flowers (most angiosperms)
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14
Q

what is autogamy

A

takes place within the flower

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15
Q

what is geitonogamy

A

between flowers of the same plant

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16
Q

what does the level of autogamy depend on

A

degree of separation between anthers and stigma

17
Q

what does level of geitonogamous crosses depend on

A

depends on pollinator behaviour

18
Q

examples of autonamous selfing

A

cardmine

19
Q

what is cleistogamous

A

self fertilize before they open eg. Ahipara

20
Q

how does Myosotis delay selfing

A

lifts anthers above corolla

21
Q

how does M. spathulata self fetilize

A

anthers dehisce shortly after opening depositing pollen directly on the stigma causing flower to self fertilize

22
Q

what are mechanisms of self incompatibilty

A
  • pollen grains may not grow of self incompatible stigmas or may grow slowly
  • chemical barrier on stigma can be broken down by foreign pollen
  • gametic incompatibility, gametes fuse but dont form viable offspring
23
Q

what is monoecy

A

the two sexes are found on all individuals , but in separate flowers

24
Q

what is dioecy

A

male and female flowers on separate genets

25
Q

what is gynomonoecy

A

the same individual bears both perfect and female flowers

26
Q

what is andromonoecy

A

the same individual bears both perfect and male flowers

27
Q

What is Androdioecy

A

male and hermaphrodite flowers on separate genets

28
Q

what is gynodioecy

A

female and hermaphrodite flowers are on separate genets

29
Q

true or false, monoecious plants are often temporally and spatially separated

A

true

30
Q

how do flowers attract pollinators

A
  • chemical signals for pollinators
  • UV
  • nectar, pollen
  • scent, nigh or day, thermogenesis
  • sexual deception eg. orchids
31
Q

how does H. muscivorus attract pollinators

A
  • foetid scent in the morning
  • resembling flesh and dung
  • flies enter floral chamber but are trapped until the next morning when they are showered with pollen before they leave
32
Q

what is pseudocopulation

A
  • immitating female sex hormones and female, in wasps, orchid
33
Q

what are the 3 pollinating systems

A

open, direct, closed

34
Q

open pollination

A

accessed by most pollinators

35
Q

what are direct access flowers

A

has a limited range of pollinators

36
Q

what is closed access flowers

A

has one specific pollinator

205; BB Adaptation (5 decks)

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