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205; BB Adaptation > L3: Parasitic Plants > Flashcards

L3: Parasitic Plants Flashcards

1
Q

what are parasitic plants

A

plants that rely partially or completely on a host plant for carbon, nutrients and water

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2
Q

how many species are parasitic and how much genera

A

4700 species in 277 genera of flowering plants (1%)

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of parasite

A

hemiparasitic
holoparasitic
myco heterotrophic

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4
Q

what is a hemiparasite

A
  • with some chlorophyll and photosynthetic ability

facultative or obligate

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5
Q

what is holoparasitic

A

no chlorophyll
obligate
cant assimilate inorganic N

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6
Q

what is myco heterotrophic

A

parasitic on fungi

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7
Q

example of hemi parasitic

A

peraxilla tetrapetala

parentucellia viscosa

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8
Q

what is a hyperparasite aka epiparasite

A

a parasite that only grows on other parasites eg Phoradendron scabberimum

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of parasites

A

can be herbaceous vines, shrubs or trees
parasitic plants are usually generalists
but some have preffered host

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10
Q

give an example of a parasite with preferred host

A

alepis flavida prefers mountain beech

peraxilla colensoi found on silver beech mostly

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11
Q

true or false, root and stem parasites have different methods of seed germination

A

true

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12
Q

how do root parasites germinate

A

occurs in response to a chemical cues from potential host plants
these are usually root exudates that have other functions
non hosts that produce such cues are used as trap crop for some parasites (cotton for Orobranche)

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13
Q

How do stem parasites germinate

A

seeds are usually dispersed by birds and defecated on a branch.
seeds have sticky vicsin attached
seedling radicle grows towards dark surface (negatively phototrophic) where a haustorium forms

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14
Q

true or false, Dodder finds host by nastic movements towards volatile compounds released into the air by host plant

A

true

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15
Q

what is haustoria

A
  • specialized root that attaches, penetrates and transfers water and nutrients from host to parasites
  • only develops in presence of chemical signal from host
  • vascular cells of parasite contact vascular cells of host and divert water flow
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16
Q

true or false, most herbaceous root and stem hemiparasites have high stomatal frequencies, high rates of transpiration, and lower water use efficiency

A

true

17
Q

true or false, the gradient of water potential between leaves and roots steeper for parasites than for host

A

true

18
Q

due to the steeper water potential between the leaves and roots than the host, what results

A

this facilitates diversion of host resources to the parasite ( can include secondary metabolites eg. chemical for insect resistance)

19
Q

true or false, parasites often accumulate high amount of inorganic ions, rapid import of N can lead to higher conc of organic N in the leaves of the parasite compared to the host

A

true

20
Q

true or false, carbohydrate concentration in parasite xylem sap may be 5 times higher than host, thus herbivores tend to be more attracted to them

A

true

21
Q

true or false, the high rate of transpiration of parasites can lead to lower internal temperatures

A

true

22
Q

what is cryptic mimicry or visual advertisement

A
  • parasite evolved to mimic host in leaf shape and appearance
  • possibly evolved to hide the fact that these parasites have higher leaf N concentrations than host
  • mimicry particularly well developed in Australia
23
Q

give an example of a mimic

A

Amyema campagei mimicing Casuarina cunninghamania

24
Q

give examples of mycoheterotrophs

A

indian pipe

gastrodia cunninghamii

25
Q

what are the 3 economically important parasitic plants

A

sandal wood- for perfumes and cosmetics
Dwarf misteltoes- affect commercially important forest trees in america
Orobranche- weed of legumes and other vegetable crops in Europe and Asia

26
Q

Where do you find the wood rose

A
  • aka Dactylanthus taylorii
  • mostly in North Island but rare
  • root parasite with no green leaves
  • host tree responds to presence by forming a burlike growth resembling a flower
  • host species include mahoe,karamu, etc..
  • dioecious flowers Jan to April
  • flowers give off a sweet smell
  • flowers pollinated by short tailed bat, but rats and mice are also low efficiency pollinators
27
Q

what is peraxilla tetrapetala - beech mistletoe

A
  • hemiparasite (stem)
  • main hosts are mountain beech, silver beech and Quinitnia serrata
  • uncommon in many parts of NZ
  • can grow up to 2m across
  • browsed heavily by possums which are attracted to the relatively high nutrient content of the foliage
28
Q

what is Ileostylus micranthus

A

pirita, green misteltoe

  • coastal and lowland species
  • recorded from around 300 hosts
  • most common around Auckland but still only 7 locations
  • dispersed by birds eating seeds and defecating them on branches
  • can be planted on suitable hosts
  • poisonous to possums
29
Q

what is Mida salicifolia- willow leaved maire

A
  • root hemiparasite
  • often in association with kauri but also found in podocarp forest
  • North island
  • grows 6m tall

205; BB Adaptation (5 decks)

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