L4 mental illness Flashcards
What are the seven multifactorial causes of mental disorders?
Genetics, early development, drugs, loss of a family member, disease/injury, life experiences, culture.
Name six common categories of mental disorders.
- Psychotic disorders (e.g., schizophrenia), 2. Mood disorders (e.g., depression), 3. Anxiety disorders, 4. Dissociative disorders, 5. Personality disorders (e.g., histrionic), 6. Eating disorders.
What sociocultural factors contribute to hysterical/conversion disorders?
Cultures valuing uninhibited emotion display; dissociation as a defense mechanism (e.g., split personalities).
Define ‘displacement’ in neurotic disorders.
Shifting affect from one idea to another (e.g., redirecting anger from boss to spouse).
What genetic evidence supports schizophrenia?
45% concordance in MZ twins vs. 10-15% in DZ twins; dopamine hypothesis (antipsychotics reduce dopamine).
Name three brain abnormalities linked to schizophrenia.
MRI findings: nerve damage, disconnections in brain pathways, increased dopamine receptors.
How do family dynamics influence schizophrenia?
Schizophrenogenic mothers, double-bind communication, high expressed emotion (criticism/hostility).
What biological factors contribute to depression?
Genetic vulnerability, endocrine imbalances, psychosocial stress, poor parenting vs. protective factors (emotional warmth).
What environmental factors exacerbate bipolar disorder?
Social stigma, misdiagnosis due to psychotic symptoms, stress, and substance abuse.
What neurotransmitter is linked to anxiety?
Low GABA levels; SSRIs modulate GABA neurons to alleviate anxiety.
Which substances worsen anxiety?
Alcohol, caffeine, benzodiazepines (dependency), amphetamines, and cocaine.
Differentiate organic vs. functional syndromes.
Organic: Brain lesions (e.g., delirium, dementia). Functional: No coarse brain disease (e.g., neurosis, psychosis).
What characterizes ‘neurosis’ vs. ‘psychosis’?
Neurosis: Partial personality involvement, insight retained. Psychosis: Whole personality distortion, no insight.
List ICD-10 categories for mental disorders.
F00-F19 (organic), F20-F29 (schizophrenia), F30-F39 (mood disorders), F40-F48 (neurotic/stress-related).
What are the axes in ICD-10 multi-axial diagnosis?
Axis I: Clinical diagnoses. Axis II: Disablements. Axis III: Contextual factors.
How does ICD-10 differ from DSM-5?
ICD-10: WHO-based, international, alphanumeric (e.g., F25). DSM-5: U.S.-centric, descriptive criteria, no multi-axial.
What is the dopamine hypothesis in psychosis?
Excess dopamine activity linked to schizophrenia; antipsychotics block dopamine receptors.
What defines ‘chronic organic states’?
Dementia, amnestic disorders, substance-induced brain damage (e.g., alcohol, opioids).
What is ‘double-bind communication’ in schizophrenia etiology?
Contradictory messages from caregivers (e.g., verbal vs. nonverbal cues), causing psychological conflict.
Why are SSRIs used for anxiety?
They indirectly enhance GABA activity, reducing CNS hyperactivity.
