**L4 - Cross Cultural Variations in Attachment Flashcards
what did VAN IJZENDOORN and KROONENBERG do?
VAN IJZENDOORN and KROONENBERG conducted a META ANALYSIS OF 32 STUDIES into ATTACHMENT to see if attachment occurs IN THE SAME WAY ACROSS ALL CULTURES
exactly what studies did they include in their META ANALYSIS OF ATTACHMENT STUDIES?
ALL of the studies they included had used the STRANGE SITUATION to MEASURE ATTACHMENT.
These studies looked at the RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MOTHERS AND THEIR BABIES, all of whom were UNDER 24 MONTHS OF AGE.
The studies were conducted in EIGHT COUNTRIES, SOME INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES and SOME COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
what were the MAIN FINDINGS of VAN IJZENDOORN and KROONENBERG’s META ANALYSIS OF ATTACHMENT STUDIES?
The MAIN FINDINGS were :
- SECURE ATATCHMENT was the MOST COMMON ATTACHMENT STYLE in ALL OF THE EIGHT COUNTRIES STUDIED
- the SECOND MOST COMMON ATTACHMENT STYLE was INSECURE AVOIDANT, EXCEPT IN ISRAEL AND JAPAN where AVOIDANT WAS RARE but RESISTANT WAS COMMON
what were the MAIN FINDINGS of VAN IJZENDOORN and KROONENBERG’s META ANALYSIS OF ATTACHMENT STUDIES? PT 2
- the LOWEST PERCENTAGE OF SECURE ATTACHMENTS WAS IN CHINA
- the HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF SECURE ATTACHMENTS was in GREAT BRITAIN
- the HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF INSECURE AVOIDANT attachments was in WEST GERMANY
- overall VARIATIONS WITHIN CULTURES were 1.5 TIMES GREATER than the VARIATION BETWEEN CULTURES
what do the SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CULTURES SUGGEST?
the SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CULTURES SUGGEST that caregiver and infant interactions have UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS and so may be PARTLY INSTINCTIVE.
However, the VARIATIONS BETWEEN CULTURES show that the CULTURAL DIFFERENCES in CHILD REARING PRACTICES also play an IMPORTANT ROLE in ATTACHMENT STYLES.
The VARIATIONS WITHIN CULTURES indicate that SUB-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES, such as SOCIAL CLASS, play an IMPORTANT ROLE in an infant’s attachment style..
These factors are POSSIBLY MORE IMPORTANT THAN CULTURE
+ META ANALYSIS (EVALUATING CULTURAL VARIATION IN ATTACHMENT)
+ this META ANALYSIS contained a VERY LARGE SAMPLE which INCREASES THE VALIDITY OF THE FINDINGS
- CULTURALLY BIASED (EVALUATING CULTURAL VARIATION IN ATTACHMENT)
- The STRANGE SITUATION METHODLOGY was DEVELOPED IN THE UNITED STATES and it MAY NOT BE VALID IN OTHER CULTURES.
For instance, AINSWORTH assumed that a WILLINGNESS TO EXPLORE means a child is SECURELY ATTACHED but this MAY NOT BE THE CASE IN OTHER CULTURES.
This means the METHODOLOGY is CULTURALLY BIASED
- ISRAEL, KIBBUTZ (EVALUATING CULTURAL VARIATION IN ATTACHMENT)
- the infants in the study that were from ISRAEL LIVED IN A KIBBUTZ (CLOSED COMMUNITY) and DID NOT COME INTO CONTACT WITH STRANGERS.
This could be the reason why these children showed SEVERE DISTRESS when CONFRONTED WITH STRANGERS and so were CLASSED AS RESISTANT
- NOT ACTUALLY COMPARING CULTURES (EVALUATING CULTURAL VARIATION IN ATTACHMENT)
- a weakness of this META ANALYSIS is that it was NOT ACTUALLY COMPARING CULTURES but COUNTRIES INSTEAD.
For instance, they COMPARED THE USA WITH JAPAN. Both of these countries have MANY DIFFERENT SUB CULTURES and these have DIFFERENT CHILD REARING PRACTICES.
One STUDY of attachment in TOKYO found SIMILAR ATTACHMENT STYLE DISTRIBUTIONS to the USA, whereas studies in MORE RURAL AREAS of JAPAN found MANY MORE INSECURE-RESISTANT INFANTS
- IGNORES FATHERS, MAIN AND WESTON (EVALUATING CULTURAL VARIATION IN ATTACHMENT)
- ALL OF THE STUDIES used in this META ANALYSIS LOOKED at INFANTS’ ATTACHMENTS to THEIR MOTHERS.
Children might be INSECURELY ATTACHED TO THEIR MOTHERS but SECURELY ATTACHED TO THEIR FATHERS.
The STRANGE SITUATION is therefore not MEASURING A CHILD’S ATTACHMENT STYLE but their attachment to ONE INDIVIDUAL.
To further emphasise this point, MAIN AND WESTON found that children BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY depending on WHICH PARENT THEY ARE WITH
