L4 - carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards
Carbohydrates are made of
MONOSACCHARIDES (saccharine is sugar)
When monosaccharides join they form
By what type of reaction do they join together ?
Di and Polysaccharides
Condensation réactions by GLYCOSIDIC bonds
H20 is released
Differences between mono and disaccharides
Mono: more soluble than Di
Di: stronger bonds than Mono
Meaning of 1-4 glycosidic bond
Gs bond formed by first carbon of 1st monosaccharide and 4th carbon of 2nd monosaccharide
Starch
- Main energy store in plants
- Excess glucose is stored as starch
- Broken down if more glucoseor energy is needed
- INSOLUBLE in water (water can’t get in by osmosis)
- thus its v good for Storage
Glycogen
- Main energy storage in Animals
- Animals get energy from glucose but store excess glucose as glycogen
- insoluble to H20 , No osmosis – good for storage
Lipids 1) what. Are they and features
2) uses?
1)Fats Insoluble in H20 as they are non-polar substances 2) - store energy - form membranes - signalling between cells
1) Triacylglycerides – what are they composed of ?
2) How are they formed or broken down
3) where would u find them
Type. Of. Lipid
1) Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids
Tails : fatty acids– hydroPHOBIC ( long HC chains)
2)F: condensation reactions –
H from glycerol and OH from fatty acid — H20 is released
BD: hydrolysis — H20 added to ester bond — splits into 3 fatty acids & glycerol
3) u would find these fatty acids in ADIPOSE TISSUE
Saturated vs unsaturated
S: No C-C Dbonds
US: C-C DB
Polyunsaturated - more than 2 DB’s
Main storage lipid i.e. its a store for fats in the body
TRIACYLGLCERIDE
Membrane lipids eg.
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
Lipid derivatives eg.
- Hormones
- Vit D- synthesised from 7-dehydrocholestrol by sunlight
Needed: CA absorption — bone formation - Steroid hormones eg Oestrogen - derived from cholesterol
- Bile salts : synthesised from cholesterol in the LIVER
- secreted into the duodenum to aid absorption of dietary fats
- Eicosanoids : général name for any compound derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid and has cellular activity
- derived from ARACHIDONIC acid
- involved in inflammation response and vascular contraction
How to name fatty acids
1) Eg 16:0
18: 4
2)how do we know where to PUT Db’s??
1) 16 carbons in chain, NO DB
18C, 4 C-C DB’s
2) use delta & w (omega) formation
Delta? Starts naming carbons from CARBOXYL group
W? Start. Naming C’s. From OTHER SIDE
Extra info : Cis & Trans formation.
Cis: functional group on same side as C chain
Trans : FG – OPPOSITE side of C chain
Cis is short same is short
trans is longer ; opposite is longer
Cis-Trans Isomers
Stereoisomers
Same MF but their FG are rotated in a different orientation in 3D. Space
Thus diff SF
Phospholipids (membrane lipid) can be Broken down further into.
Glcyerophospholipids and Sphingolipids
Cholesterol features ;
- functions
- Membrane lipid
-based on Steroid structure - decreases fluidity of the membrane as it packs in between the (phosph0) lipids
- makes it MORE RIGID
????
AMPHIPATHIC - has both hydrophilic and phobic parts
NB head : phospholipids (philic)
Tail: FA (phobic )
Function of Carbohydrates
- energy storage
- STRUCTURE
- recognition & adhesion
Simple Carbohydrates are ???
SUGARS
What do monosaccharides consist of (chemically)
Aldehyde (COH) OR Ketone (CO)
at least 2 OH groups (alcohol)
How to name monosaccharides
By what group they contain ( aldéhyde or ketone ) and the no. Of carbons in the chain
Eg. Aldose or Ketose
No.’s pentose, heptose etc
Almost all sugars in the body have what type of isomer?
D isomer
Anomer def & features (3 POINTS)
- Cyclic saccharide
- can form alpha or beta sheets (structure)
- can be 5 membered: FURANOSES
Or 6 membered - PYRANOSES
Epimer
- Pair of stereo isomers
Remember : SI - same MF but differ in 3D orientation - Epimer is a pair of SI that DIFFER in only ONE stereogenic centre- all other stereo centres in the molecule are the same
