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Biochemistry Intro lectures 1-6 > L4 - carbohydrates and lipids > Flashcards

L4 - carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates are made of

A

MONOSACCHARIDES (saccharine is sugar)

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2
Q

When monosaccharides join they form

By what type of reaction do they join together ?

A

Di and Polysaccharides

Condensation réactions by GLYCOSIDIC bonds
H20 is released

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3
Q

Differences between mono and disaccharides

A

Mono: more soluble than Di
Di: stronger bonds than Mono

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4
Q

Meaning of 1-4 glycosidic bond

A

Gs bond formed by first carbon of 1st monosaccharide and 4th carbon of 2nd monosaccharide

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5
Q

Starch

A
  • Main energy store in plants
  • Excess glucose is stored as starch
  • Broken down if more glucoseor energy is needed
  • INSOLUBLE in water (water can’t get in by osmosis)
  • thus its v good for Storage
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6
Q

Glycogen

A
  • Main energy storage in Animals
  • Animals get energy from glucose but store excess glucose as glycogen
  • insoluble to H20 , No osmosis – good for storage
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7
Q

Lipids 1) what. Are they and features

2) uses?

A 
1)Fats 
Insoluble in H20 as they are non-polar substances 
2) - store energy 
- form membranes 
- signalling between cells
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8
Q

1) Triacylglycerides – what are they composed of ?
2) How are they formed or broken down
3) where would u find them

A

Type. Of. Lipid
1) Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids
Tails : fatty acids– hydroPHOBIC ( long HC chains)

2)F: condensation reactions –
H from glycerol and OH from fatty acid — H20 is released

BD: hydrolysis — H20 added to ester bond — splits into 3 fatty acids & glycerol

3) u would find these fatty acids in ADIPOSE TISSUE

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9
Q

Saturated vs unsaturated

A

S: No C-C Dbonds
US: C-C DB
Polyunsaturated - more than 2 DB’s

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10
Q

Main storage lipid i.e. its a store for fats in the body

A

TRIACYLGLCERIDE

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11
Q

Membrane lipids eg.

A
  • Phospholipids

- Cholesterol

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12
Q

Lipid derivatives eg.

A
  • Hormones
  • Vit D- synthesised from 7-dehydrocholestrol by sunlight
    Needed: CA absorption — bone formation
  • Steroid hormones eg Oestrogen - derived from cholesterol
  • Bile salts : synthesised from cholesterol in the LIVER
  • secreted into the duodenum to aid absorption of dietary fats
  • Eicosanoids : général name for any compound derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid and has cellular activity
  • derived from ARACHIDONIC acid
  • involved in inflammation response and vascular contraction
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13
Q

How to name fatty acids

1) Eg 16:0
18: 4

2)how do we know where to PUT Db’s??

A

1) 16 carbons in chain, NO DB
18C, 4 C-C DB’s

2) use delta & w (omega) formation
Delta? Starts naming carbons from CARBOXYL group

W? Start. Naming C’s. From OTHER SIDE

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14
Q

Extra info : Cis & Trans formation.

A

Cis: functional group on same side as C chain
Trans : FG – OPPOSITE side of C chain

Cis is short same is short
trans is longer ; opposite is longer

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15
Q

Cis-Trans Isomers

A

Stereoisomers
Same MF but their FG are rotated in a different orientation in 3D. Space
Thus diff SF

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16
Q

Phospholipids (membrane lipid) can be Broken down further into.

A

Glcyerophospholipids and Sphingolipids

17
Q

Cholesterol features ;

- functions

A
  • Membrane lipid
    -based on Steroid structure
  • decreases fluidity of the membrane as it packs in between the (phosph0) lipids
  • makes it MORE RIGID
    ????
    AMPHIPATHIC - has both hydrophilic and phobic parts
    NB head : phospholipids (philic)
    Tail: FA (phobic )
18
Q

Function of Carbohydrates

A
  • energy storage
  • STRUCTURE
  • recognition & adhesion
19
Q

Simple Carbohydrates are ???

A

SUGARS

20
Q

What do monosaccharides consist of (chemically)

A

Aldehyde (COH) OR Ketone (CO)

at least 2 OH groups (alcohol)

21
Q

How to name monosaccharides

A

By what group they contain ( aldéhyde or ketone ) and the no. Of carbons in the chain
Eg. Aldose or Ketose
No.’s pentose, heptose etc

22
Q

Almost all sugars in the body have what type of isomer?

A

D isomer

23
Q

Anomer def & features (3 POINTS)

A
  • Cyclic saccharide
  • can form alpha or beta sheets (structure)
  • can be 5 membered: FURANOSES
    Or 6 membered - PYRANOSES
24
Q

Epimer

A
  • Pair of stereo isomers
    Remember : SI - same MF but differ in 3D orientation
  • Epimer is a pair of SI that DIFFER in only ONE stereogenic centre- all other stereo centres in the molecule are the same
25
Q

Common monosaccharides

A

Pentose D ribose

Pentose D Deoxy- ribose

26
Q

A molecule is CHIRAL

A

if it’s NOT superimpose on its mirror image– can’t be stacked on top of one another ?????

27
Q 
Table : 
Disaccharide name 
2 monosaccharides that formed it 
The link (bonds) 
Digesting enzyme in the gut

1 SUCROSE :

  1. LACTOSE
  2. MALTOSE
A
  1. Sucrose
    - alpha glucose & beta FRUCTOSE
    - link 1-2
    - sucrase
  2. LACTOSE
    - B glucose &; GALACTOSE
    - link 1-4
    - LACTASE
  3. MALTOSE
    - a &; ;B glucose
    - link 1-4
    MALTASE
28
Q

Polysaccharides are:

  • formed by?
  • functions ?
A
  • Type of carbohydrate
  • obvs formed by lots of monosaccharides i.e. Sugars
  • thus can be formed from the SAME or DIFFerent sugars
    Same : HOMOpolysacchardes
    Diff : HETEROpolysaccharidee
  • can be linear or branched
  • functions: NB remeber it’s a type of carbohydrate so will have some of the same functions as a general carbohydrate
  • 1)energy storage and 2) structural rigidity
29
Q

STORAGE Polysacharrides eg

Function of these compounds

A

Starch and glycogen
S: main energy storage in plants
- main dietary source of Carbohydrates

G: main energy storage in plants
- stores excess glucose in muscle and liver

30
Q

Structural polysaccharides eg

A

CELLULOSE - main component of plant cell walls

31
Q

Carbohydrate conjugates are?
- BONDED TO WHAT?

Eg (names)

A
  • Covalently bonded to lipids or proteins
  • Are MADE UP of protein and Carbohydrates
  • Eg : proteoglyCANS
    made up of more CARBS than proteins

glycoPROTEINS
Made up of more proteins than carbs

32
Q

Function of glycoPROTEINS

A

Nb: they are LIPIDS too
- sugar groups can attach to lipids or proteins
- basis of all CELL RECOGNITION AND ADHESION
Eg blood groups are determine by the sugars on the red blood cells

33
Q

Function of proteoGLYCANS

A
  • Proteins are linked to neg charged heteropolysacharides called GAG’s - glycosaminoglycans
  • function : NB role in extracellular matrix – acts as a lubricant & shock absorber
  • Arthritis occurs when proteoGLYCANS degrade

Biochemistry Intro lectures 1-6 (6 decks)

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