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PSYT 301 > L4 - CANNABIS > Flashcards

L4 - CANNABIS Flashcards

1
Q

Regarding the history of cannabis policy in Canada, what significant events are the dates below corresponding to?

1923
1971
2001
2018

A

1923: Cannabis is added to the Schedule of the Opium and Narcotic control Act to prohibit use

1971: Commission recommends decriminalizing possession and personal cultivation – ignored

2001: Canada introduced the Marihuana Medical Access Regulations Act. This made Canada the first country to legalize cannabis for medical use

2018: National legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada

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2
Q

True or false: since the legalization of cannabis in Canada, most population age groups show a trend of increasing cannabis use.

A

True.

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3
Q

What is the fastest growing population group of cannabis users in Canada?

A

Aging adults (55 yrs +).

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4
Q

Approximately how many cannabinoids does herbal cannabis contain?

A

More than 80.

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5
Q

What are the two most studied cannabinoids?

A

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD).

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6
Q

How many cannabinoid(s) is/are psychoactive? Which one(s)?

A

Only THC.

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7
Q

Is cannabis addictive?

A

Yes, cannabis indirectly stimulates dopamine in the rewarding regions of the brain.

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8
Q

Cannabis sativa contains a higher ratio ____ and produce more ____ effects. Cannabis indica contains a higher ratio ____ and produce more ____ effects.

CBD:THC
stimulating
sedating
THC:CBD

A

Cannabis sativa contains a higher ratio THC:CBD and produce more stimulating effects. Cannabis indica contains a higher ratio CBD:THC and produce more sedating effects.

CBD:THC
stimulating
sedating
THC:CBD

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9
Q

What can account for the increasing potency of cannabis?

A

Selective breeding and more advanced cultivation methods.

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10
Q

What trend is the population’s perception of cannabis following? What event in the past 5 years could contribute to sustain this trend?

A

Less and less perception of risk of harm from cannabis.
Legalization of recreational cannabis use in Canada.

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11
Q

What components make up the endocannabinoid system?

A

Endogenous cannabinoids + cannabinoid receptors + related enzymes (synthesis and degradation).

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12
Q

What are the two endocannabinoids?

A

Anandamide and arachidonylglycerol (2-AG).

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13
Q

Endocannabinoids are retrograde messengers. What does that mean?

A

They travel “backward” in the synapse, from the postsynaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron. Therefore, the endocannabinoid receptors are located on the presynaptic neurons.

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14
Q

What are the two enzymes responsible for the degradation of anandamide and 2-AG?

A

FAAH
MAGL

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15
Q

True or false: cannabinoid receptors are found all over the body and are numerous.

A

True.

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16
Q

True or false: cannabinoid receptors are equally spread all over the body.

A

False: both endocannabinoid types form clusters in specific parts of the body.

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17
Q

Name the two types of cannabinoid receptors and indicate where they are most likely to be found in the body.

A

CB1R: brain.
CB2R: periphery and immune cells.

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18
Q

____ is a partial agonist for CB1R and full agonist for CB2R. ____ is a full agonist for CB1R and CB2R

Anandamide
2-AG

A

Anandamide is a partial agonist for CB1R and CB2R. 2-AG is a full agonist for CB1R and CB2R

Anandamide
2-AG

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19
Q

List two general roles of the endocannabinoid system.

A

Neuromodulatory maintenance of homeostasis.
Modulate effects of cannabinoids and other addictive drugs.

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20
Q

True or false: dysregulation of endocannabioids has been associated with psychiatric disorders.

A

True.

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21
Q

What is accounting for the very long half life of THC? Up to how many days after cannabis consumption can metabolites of THC be found in the body?

A

THC deposits in adipose tissue and is later released back into bloodstream. Metabolites can be detected up to 28 days after use.

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22
Q

THC is a partial agonist of what receptor?

A

CB1R

23
Q

Describe the affinity of CBD and its relationship to CB1R and CB2R.

A

Little affinity for both receptors.
Antagonist for both receptors.
Non-competitive negative allosteric modulator of CB1R.

24
Q

In light of the pharmacodynamic effects of CBD on CB1R, why is it revealing to look at the THC:CBD ratio when studying the potency of cannabis?

A

CBD is a non-competitive antagonist of CB1R, on which acts THC. Therefore, the more cannabis contains CBD, the less THC will produce effects.

25
Q

List regions of the brain that are concentrated in CB1R.

A

Basal ganglia
Cerebellum
NAcc
Hippocampus

26
Q

What is the most fatal short-term physiological effect of cannabis?

A

Impaired motor coordination (car accidents).

27
Q

What portion of cannabis users will meet for a CUD in their lifetime?

A

30%

28
Q

Briefly describe the cannabis withdrawal trajectory.

A

Symptoms beginning after 24h.
Peak at 7 days.
Dissipate after 28 days.

29
Q

True or false: CUD can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular problems.

A

True.

30
Q

List some cognitive chronic effects from CUD.

A

Poorer executive functions, verbal ability, attention and memory.

31
Q

Under what circumstances can chronic use of cannabis lead to permanent cognitive impairments?

A

When used during development of endocannabinoid system (during adolescence in humans).

32
Q

Why is a FAAH inhibitor proposed as a pharmacotherapy for CUD?

A

Decreases degradation of anandamide -> more anandamide available -> more competition with THC for CB1R -> less THC effects.

33
Q

Which cannabis treatment has the best efficiency?

A

Mix of 3 behavioural therapies: cognitive-behavioural therapy, motivational enhancement therapy and contingency management.

34
Q

Neuromodulation treatments for cannabis target what area of the brain?

A

DLPFC.

35
Q

Regarding mental health, what is frequent cannabis use amongst teenagers predicting?

A

Twofold increase in risk for later depression and anxiety.

36
Q

What is WIN 55-212?

A

Synthetic agonist receptor CB1

37
Q

THC or CBD is a partial agonist of 5-HT1A?

A

CBD

38
Q

In regard of the localization of CB1 neurons, why could we expect their agonists to have an effect on mood and emotion?

A

CB1R and 5-HT neurons are co-localized in the limbic system.

39
Q

What is the effect of WIN on the activity of serotoninergic neurons at low doses? In high dose? What are the corresponding behaviours?

A

Increase in firing -> antidepressant.
Decrease in firing -> antidepressant property lost.

40
Q

Immobility of the animal in the force swimming test is an indicator of what?

A

Depression.

41
Q

What is rimonabant?

A

CB1R antagonist.

42
Q

What principally determines whether THC has antidepressants effects or not?

A

Whether THC administration is repeated or not.
Single dose -> mixed effects
Repeated -> antidepressant

43
Q

Describe the effect of CBD on 5-HT neurotransmission after the administration of cumulative acute doses and daily repeated doses?

A

Acute single dose: decreases the firing rate of 5-HT DRN neurons via 5HT1A.
Repeated doses (7 days): increases the firing rate of 5-HT DRN neurons via 5-HT1A desensitization.

44
Q

Does one acute dose of THC increase 5-HT activity?

A

Unclear.

45
Q

What region of the brain is the last to develop?

A

PFC

46
Q

True or false: long-term marijuana use in people using cannabis at young age can impact the neurodevelopment of the brain.

A

True.

47
Q

True or false: chronic use of TCT in rats affected 5-HT firing activity, but did not impact the endocannabinoid system (endocannabinoid levels and receptor density).

A

False: endocannabinoid system is changed.

48
Q

What are animal studies revealing about the effects of long-term THC administration in adult and adolescent cohorts?

A

-Decreased 5-HT firing activity in adults and adolescents.
-Anhedonia behaviour is mostly observed amongst -adolescents.
-Less neurobiological changes in adulthood.
-Cognitive and social behaviour impairments in adolescents.
-Females are most sensitive to THC-induced depression.

49
Q

How does cannabis consumption affect dopamine levels?

A

Increase in DA release in NAcc (addictive).

50
Q

How does cannabis withdrawal affect dopamine levels?

A

Decrease in VTA DA firing.

51
Q

True or false: cannabis increases risk for psychosis even in the absence of predisposition.

A

True.

52
Q

What are clinical studies revealing about cannabis consumption and the frisk for depression?

A

Cannabis increases the risk of depression in a dose-response manner.

53
Q

Regarding depression, anxiety and suicidal ideations, what would a meta-analysis predict for cannabis consumption in young people?

A

Important increase in risk of depression.
No anticipated change in anxiety.
Important increase of suicidal ideations.

54
Q

Why are withdrawal symptoms from cannabis hard to identify?

A

Because they can appear very late (THC takes about 28 days to leave the system).

PSYT 301 (8 decks)

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