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1602 Walsh > L4: Bacterial Genetics > Flashcards

L4: Bacterial Genetics Flashcards

0
Q

How can microbial genetics be used?

A

To breed strains of microbe which have desirable characteristics.

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1
Q

What is microbial genetics?

A

The study of the inheritance of the characteristics of a microbial cell and how these characteristics can vary.

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2
Q

How can microbial genetics help us?

A

It helps us to understand how microbes become RESISTANT to antimicrobial agents

and how to prevent such resistance emerging.

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3
Q

Name two ways in which genetic material can exist within bacteria.

A

Bacterial chromosome

Plasmid

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4
Q

What does a nucleoside contain?

A

A pentose sugar and a base.

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5
Q

What does a nucleotide contain?

A

A pentose sugar, a base and a phosphate group.

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6
Q

During replication of the bacterial chromosome which enzyme is involved in adding nucleotides to the new strand?

A

DNA polymerase.

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7
Q

What are genes?

A

units of genetic information, grouped together as operons.

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8
Q

What are structural genes?

A

CISTRONS.

Segments of the chromosomes that can code for proteins.

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9
Q

After transcription what type of ribosome does the mRNA bind to?

A

30s subunit, which is associated with a 50s ribosome to form a complete working ribosome

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10
Q

What are the general principles of a plasmid? (4)

A

1) Small circular/linear DNA molecules.
2) Range in size from 1 kbp to > 1mbp
3) Carry variety of nonessential, but often very helpful genes.
4) Abundance is variable

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11
Q

What are R plasmids?

A

Resistance plasmids

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12
Q

What do resistance plasmids do?

A

Confer resistance to antibiotics and other growth inhibitors.

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13
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Observable properties of an organism.

Characteristics that are expressed.

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14
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A heritable change in DNA sequence that can lead to a change in phenotype.

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15
Q

What is a mutant?

A

A strain of any cell or virus differing from paternal strain in genotype.

16
Q

What are selectable mutations? (2)

A

Those that give mutants a growth advantage under certain environmental conditions.

Useful in genetic research.

17
Q

What are nonselectable mutations? (2)

A

Usually have no advantage/disadvantage over parent

Detection of such mutations requires screening large numbers of colonies.

18
Q

What are induced mutations?

A

Those made deliberately.

19
Q

What are spontaneous mutations? (2)

A

Those that occur without human intervention.

Can result from exposure to natural radiation or oxygen radicals.

20
Q

What are point mutations? (2)

A

Mutations that change only ONE base pair.

Can lead to single amino acid chain / no change at all.

21
Q

What is silent mutation?

A

Mutation that does not affect amino acid sequence.

22
Q

What is missense mutation?

A

Amino acid changed

Polypeptide altered

23
Q

What is nonsense mutation?

A

Codon becomes a stop codon

–> polypeptide is incomplete.

24
Q

What are frameshift mutations?

A

Deletions or insertions that result in a shift in reading frame.

Often result in complete loss of gene function.

25
Q

What are mutagens

A

Chemical physical or biological agents that increase mutation rates.

26
Q

There are several forms of electromagnetic radiation that are highly mutagenic. what are the two main categories?

A

Non-ionising e.g. UV radiation.

Ionising e.g. x-rays, cosmic rays and gamma rays.

27
Q

Name the mechanisms of DNA repair (6)

A 
Light repair.
Photo reactivation.
Dark repair.
Excision repair.
Recombination repair.
SOS repair.
28
Q

What are the four stages of genetic exchange in prokaryotes?

A

Genetic recombination.

Transformation.

Transduction.

Conjugation.

29
Q

What is genetic recombination?

A

The physical exchange of DNA between genetic elements.

30
Q

What is homologous recombination?

A

Process which results in genetic exchange between homologous DNA from two different sources.

31
Q

What is transformation?

A

Genetic transfer process by which DNA is incorporated into the recipient cell and brings about genetic change

32
Q

What is transfection?

A

Transformation of bacteria with DNA extracted from a bacterial virus.

1602 Walsh (7 decks)

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