Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

4 Neuroscience > L4 Audio System > Flashcards

L4 Audio System Flashcards

(41 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Sound transduction steps

A
  1. Sounds start as a pressure wave in the air
  2. External ear focuses sound waves onto the tympanic membrane
  3. Vibration of the tympanic membrane causes vibration of the bones of the middle ear
  4. Vibration is transferred to the oval window at the inner ear
  5. Oval window vibrates fluid within the cochlea
  6. Vibration of fluid is turned into electrical impulses via mechanoelectrical transduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The cochlea…

A

converts sound into electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cochlea makeup

A

spiral structure with basal and apical ends. basilar membrane splits it.

basal = oval and round window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Basilar membrane

A

divides the cochlea into half
has specialized epithelial cells called cochlear hair cells

cochlear hair cells have projections called stereocilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

sits above the stereocilia
moves the stereocilia as vibrations travel through the cochlea

the movement of the stereocilia will cause the release of NT, causing an AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cochlear hair cells

A

found in the basilar membrane
contains bundles of stereocilia and one kinocilium

has one row of inner hair cells, three rows of outer hair cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stereocilia

A

causes the release of NT, which makes an AP

made up of actin, arranged shortest to tallest

attached to other stereocilia via tip links

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens to stereocilia with sound vibrations?

A

bend, can either be towards or away from the direction of the tallest stereocilia

TOWARDS: causes tip links to stretch and open transduction channels, causing influx of ions into hair cell

AWAY: hair cells releases less NT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Inner hair cells

A

sensory receptors
95% of fibers of auditory nerve come from these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Outer hair cells

A

receive efferent axons that arise from cells in the superior olivary complex

help modulate movement of the basilar membrane

cochlear amplifier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sound localization

A

Created through tonotopy and coincidence detection neurons in the MSO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tonotopy

A

cochlea is organized topographically, lower pitched sounds will travel farther along the basilar membrane towards apex

different pitched sounds interact with the cochlea differently

apex = low frequency
baislar = high frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Coincidence detection neurons

A

located in the medial superior olive

set of neurons that respond more strongly when input arrives from separate pre-synaptic neurons,

detects interaural time differences; whatever side the sound is closer to will alert the neurons to sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Medial geniculate complex

A

receives convergent frequency and temporal information from ascending pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

DCN pathway

A

Spiral Ganglion
DCN
Decussates in trapezoid body in pons
Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate complex
A1

Purposes: Localization of sound, auditory filtering, integration of multisensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

VCN Pathway

A

Decussates in the trapezoid body, also splits in the pons, creating two pathways to the A1

Purposes: Auditory signal transmission, pitch perception, tonal discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Labyrinth

Study These Flashcards
A

consists of 2 otolith organs–utricle and saccule and 3 semicircular canals

filled with endolymph, also has a perilymph which is between osseous labyrinth and membranous lanyrinth

18
Q

Otoconia

Study These Flashcards
A

each otolith organ contains a membrane which is covered in calcium carbonate crystals (otoconia)

19
Q

Otolithic membrane

Study These Flashcards
A

located in the macula (uricle and saccule), horizontal and vertical movements

covered in otoconia
vestibular hair cells project into the membrane, rooted in the macula

thick, gelatinous sustance that can be displaced by forces

20
Q

Movement of vestibular stereocilia

Study These Flashcards
A

TOWARDS kinocilium (tallest) = increased NT release

AWAY kinocilium = decreased NT release

21
Q

Utricle

Study These Flashcards
A

oriented horizontally
responds to horizontal translational movements, sideways head tilts

22
Q

Saccule

Study These Flashcards
A

responds to vertical translational movements of the head, upward or downward head tilts

23
Q

Striola

Study These Flashcards
A

divides the utricle and saccule so that they can have separate actions

along the axis of striola = excite hair cells on one side and inhibit hair cells along the other

24
Q

Semicircular canal pairs

Study These Flashcards
A

Right and Left horizontal canal
Right anterior canal and left posterior canal
Left anterior canal and right posterior canal

25
Semicircular Canals Hair Cells
Ampulla = bulbous expansion at the base Cupula = gelatinous mass in ampulla which contains hair cells Endolymph = fluid fills each canal
26
Cupula Movements
AWAY from head movement. Displaces the hair bundles in the cupula towards movement they are all organized with kinocilia pointed in the same direction
27
If the head turns to the left, what happens to the stereocilia in the left and right horizontal canals?
LEFT HC has stereocilia deflected towards kinocilium, cupula deflects right. Firing rate of L vestibular nerve increases RIGHT HC has stereocilia deflected away from kinocilium, cupula deflects towards the right and firing rate of R vestibular nerve decreases
28
Can you have negative firing rate in the vestibular system?
No vestibular system is always active firing rate increases or decreases from the baseline (which is not 0) vestibular system has a high activity at rest
29
What motions are the same in the otolithic membrane?
Backwards and Forward acceleration Forward and Deceleration
30
Static movements and vestibular
sitting in a static position changes the baseline firing rate
31
Translational movements
transient increase or decrease of firing rate
32
Forward head tilt causes
occurs within the saccule top hair cells to deflects towards, increasing activity bottom hair cells deflect away, decreased activity
33
Left head tilts causes
occurs within the utricule left hair cells deflect towards, increased activity Right hair cells deflect away, decreased activity
34
Semicircular Canals Static vs Movements
SCC only detect changes in angular or rotational acceleration constant velocity will produce a baseline firing
35
Vestibulo-ocular reflex
helps with producing eye movements that counter head movements, helping gaze to remain fixed on a particular point plays a big role in vertical gaze stabilization in response to linear movements
36
Pathway of VOR
vestibular input from scarpa's ganglion signals change in vestibular state info is transmitted to vestibular nuclei medial vestibular nucleus communicates with abducens nucleus, causing inhibition of ipsilateral lateral rectus, excitation of medial rectus of ipsilateral and lateral recuts of contralateral eye
37
How would turning your head to the right affect VOR?
1. Turning head to the right increases firing rate of right vestibular nerve 2. Right vestibular ganglion sends info to the right medial vestibular nucleus 3. The medial vestibular nucleus sends excitatory fibers to the contralateral abducens nucleus 4. The abducens nucleus has two outputs--> motor pathway that excites contralateral lateral rectus and an interneuron that excites the medial longitudinal fasiculus to oculomotor nucleus to excite ipsilateral medial rectus 5. Oculmotor nucleus activates neurons that cause the medial rectus of the right eye to contract
38
Summary of excitation of VOR
Excites ipisilateral medial rectus Excites contralateral lateral rectus Inhibits ipsilateral lateral rectus Inhibits contralateral medial rectus
39
Vestibulo cervical reflex
modulates head position with respect to what is happening in the SCC. Basically a reflex Pathway: medial vestibular nucelus, MLF to upper cervical region
40
Vestibulo-spinal reflex
excites extensor muscles and inhibits flexor muscles to promote upright posture mediated by medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts and reticulospinal tract input comes from otolith organs
41
Thalamocortical pathways
helps us to know where we are in space, whether an object is coming towards us or we are going towards an object projects to many cortical areas rostral fastigal nucleus helps with the distinguishing

4 Neuroscience (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions