L35 Reversible Response To Insult And Cytoplasmic Accumilates

Question 1

Defenition of reversible cell injury?

Answer 1

Characterized by functional and structural alteration in early stages or mild form of injury. Can be corrected if the damaging stimulus is removed
2 types hydropic and fatty changes.

Question 2

4 points of hydropic changes

Answer 2

1-generalized swelling of the cell and its organelles
2-blebbing of the plasma membrane
3-detachment of ribosomes from the ER
4-clumping of nuclear chromatin

Question 3

Describe the fatty changes?

Answer 3

It occurs in organs that are highly involved in lipid metabolism like the liver and occurs due to toxic stimulus disrupting the metabolic pathway and leading to accumulation of triglycerides filled vacuoles.

Question 4

Causes of cellular swelling-hydropic changes- vaculor degradation.

Answer 4

1-oxygen deficiency that interfere with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
2-radiations and toxins that damage the mitochondria
Both leads to ATP depletion

Question 5

Pathogens of cellular swelling hydropic changes and vacuole degradation

Answer 5

Caused by influx of water into the cell due to failure of the sodium potassium pump which is caused by ATP depletion

Question 6

Microscopic features of cellular swelling hydropic changes and vacuole degradation?

Answer 6

Vacuoles can be seen and the cytoplasm is red eosinophilic when stained with hematoxylin.

Question 7

Morphologically cellular swelling hydropic changes and vacoule degradation

Answer 7

Affected organ becomes pale with increased turgor and increased weight.

Question 8

Ultrastructure features?

Answer 8

1-loss of plasma membrane structure: cilia and villi develop cytoplasmic blebs at apical surface
2-mitochondria ER and Golgi complex swell or become dilated
3-accumulation of myelin figures, phospholipid derived from damaged cell membranes
4-protein and calcium ions accumulate inside the cell and organelles especially mitochondria
5-nuclear alterations and disaggregation of its element

Question 9

Abbormal intracellular accumulations location?

Answer 9

Cytoplasm
Organelles like lysosomes
Nucleus

Question 10

Pathogenesis of abnormal intracellular accumulation. FOUR

Answer 10

1-in adequate removal of normal substances secondary to defects in packaging and transport like in fatty liver steatosis
2-accumulation of endogenous substances due to genetic or acquired defects in metabolism
3-failure to degrade metabolite due to inherited lysosomal enzymes
4-failure of enzymatic machinery to degrade exogenous substances

Question 11

Steatosis defenition?

Answer 11

Abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells caused by alcohol abuse, obesity, diabetes mellitus, toxins, protein malnutrition and anoxia

Question 12

Location of steatosis?

Answer 12

Often seen in the liver (fatty liver) but can be seen in skeletal muscle cardiac muscle and kidney

Question 13

Morphology of steatosis?

Answer 13

Grossly yellow greasy soft organ

Question 14

Histology of steatosis?

Answer 14

Intracellular clear fat vacuole and nucleus is pushed against cell membrane

Question 15

Cholesterol and cholesterol esters?

Answer 15

Cellular metabolism of cholesterol is toghtly regulated where all the cholesterol is used to synthesize cell membrane with no intracellular accumulations.

Question 16

Cholesterol and cholesterol esters location

Answer 16

Within macrophages and smooth muscle cells
With in wall of big arteries ATHEROSCLEROSIS
With in skin as XANTHOMAS in HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMNIA

Question 17

Apoptosis?

Answer 17

Physiological process that may have some pathological aspects and it has different pathways

Question 18

Necrosis?

Answer 18

Almost always pathological and accompanied by mitochondrial damage ATP depletion and rupture of lysosomal and plasma membranes.

Question 19

Causes of necrosis?

Answer 19

1-ischemia
2-exposure to toxins
3-microbial infections
4-burns and traumas
5-chemical and physical injuries to the cell

Question 20

Pathogenesis of necrosis?

Answer 20

1-leakage of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm due to sever damage of cell membranes causing cell digestion and denaturation of cellular proteins
2-damaged cell membranes leakage of cellular content in extracellular space leading to host cell reaction inflammation.
3-leakage of intracellular proteins ATP and uric acid which is recognized by macrophages triggers phagocytosis of the debris as well as the production of cytokines that induce inflammation
4-inflammatory cells produce more proteolytic enzymes and the combination of phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion usually leads to clearance of necrotic cells.

Question 21

Morphology of necrosis cytoplasmic changes?

Answer 21

1-increased eosinophilia in H&E stains due to loss of RNA binds with blue stain hematoxylin and accumulation of denatured cytoplasmic proteins bind with red dye eosin.
2-glassy homogenous appearance as a result of the loss of glycogen particles
3-moth eaten and vacuolated due to enzymatic digestion if cells organelles