Aerobic vs Anaerobic respiration

Question 1

which cells utilizes aerobic respiration and which utilizes anaerobic respiration?

Answer 1

• anaerobic respiration occurs in cells the are poorly perfumes either in normal conditions like lens and cornea of the eye or due to pathological causes.
• exercising muscle’s cells demand for oxygen increases and the supplied oxygen is not enough therefore it respires anaerobically to produce ATP.
• cells that have no mitochondrion like the red blood cells respire anaerobically even in good conditions
• any other cell in good oxygen supply respire aerobically

Question 2

what is the product of aerobic glycolysis?

Answer 2

produces 6 ATP molecules form NADH+H and 4 ATP molecules having net gain 8 molecules of ATP

Question 3

what happens to the 2 pyruvate molecules produced from glycolysis?

Answer 3

they are transported into the mitochondria by a special carrier and then converted in acetyl co-A by an enzyme named pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Question 4

PYRUVATE dehydrogenase?

Answer 4

ITS A COMPLEX OF 3 ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLATION OF PYRUVATE INTO ACETYL CO-A

Question 5

what are the 5 coenzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

Answer 5

1) TPP
2) lipoic acid
3) coenzyme A
4) NADH
5) FADH

Question 6

what are the 4 forms of regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

Answer 6

1) allosteric modification: inhibited by elevated levels of Acetyl co A and NADH
2) covalent modification: dephosphorylted is the active form by the action of insulin
3) mercury can inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase
4) arsenic poisoning is due to inhibition of lipoid acid which is essential for pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 7

pyruvate dehydrogenase is a rare disease most patients die young
- PDH alteration is more common due to deficiency of NADH and TTP caused by dietary deficiency or alcohol abuse. it can also cause neurological disability as brain cells are not able to produce ATP.

Question 8

what is the outcome of complete oxidation of glucose?

Answer 8

8 ATP from aerobic glycolysis 6 from 2 NADH molecules and 24 from acetyl co a in citric acid cycle.

Question 9

what is different pathway for pyruvate?

Answer 9

it can be carboxylated into oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase which replenishes the CAC pyruvate carboxylase is a biotin dependent reaction.

Question 10

biotin deficiency?

Answer 10

even in mild cases it can affect the energy produced and can cause several symptoms like hair loss thin nail and conjunctivitis and neurological manifestations. its usually caused by dietary deficiency of vitamin B7 or consuming raw egg whites