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TERM 3- Postmidterm > L35- Parasites > Flashcards

L35- Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

define parasite, medical parasitology

A

1) Parasite- living organism requiring prolonged intimate contact with another to meet basic nutritional needs (unicellular protozoa, multicellular helminths)
2) Parasitology- study of human parasites + medical consequences

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2
Q

define host, definitive host, intermediate host, transient host, reservoir host

A

1) Host- harbors parasite
2) Definitive- animal harboring adult / sexually mature stage of parasite
3) Intermediate- animal where parasitic development occurs, adulthood not reached
4) Transient- larves developing in it, no sexual multiplication is performed
5) Reservoir- animal harboring parasite that can be transmitted to humans

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3
Q

define parasitic infection, parasitic disease, parasitic infestation

A

1) Infection: invasion by endoparasites (protozoa, helminths)
2) Disease: invasion, pathology produced by endoparasites
3) Infestation: external parasitism by ectoparasites (arthropods)

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4
Q

compare a vector to a carrier

A

Vector: arthropod or living carrier that transports pathogenic organism from an infected to non-infected host

Carrier: host harboring parasite w/o exhibiting clinical signs/Sxs

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5
Q

define zoonsis

A

disease involving parasite where normal host is animal and humans can also be infected

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6
Q

describe the regions most parasitic infections predominate

A
  • tropical regions

- places with poverty, poor sanitation / personal hygeine

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7
Q

list the 3 mass intervention strategy examples

A
  • improved sanitation
  • vector control
  • mass screening / drug administration programs at repeated intervals
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8
Q

(T/F) parasites can one or two intermediate hosts

A

T- insect transmission is usually one and other animals may have two

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9
Q

describe the steps of pathogenesis of parasitic infections

A

1- toxic products: enzymes, endotoxins, indole catabolites
2- Mechanical Tissue damage: organ blockage, pressure atrophy, migration
3- Immunopathology: hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, metaplastic changes

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10
Q

(1) are unicellular parasites

(2) are multicellular parasites

A

1- protozoa

2- metazoa

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11
Q

Protozoan are (uni/multi)-cellular and (non-/motile). They acquire nutrition via (3) and their respiration is described as (4).

A

1- unicellular
2- motile
3- pino/phago-cytosis or thru specialized site/structure
4- facultative anaerobe

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12
Q

describe the possible life cycles of protozoa

A
  • Most, simple asexual cell division / binary fission of active feeding cell / trophozoite
  • Many undergo cyst formation (oocyst)
  • Few, complex life cycle with asexual and sexual phases
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13
Q

intestinal protozoa are usually transmitted via (1) and have the following infectious forms: (2)

A

1- fecal-oral

2- cyst, oocyst, trophozoite

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14
Q

urogenital protozoa are usually transmitted via (1) and have the following infectious forms: (2)

A

1- sex

2- trophozoite (T. vaginalis)

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15
Q

blood & tissue protozoa are usually transmitted via (1) and have the following infectious forms: (2)

A

1- insect vectors

2- cyst/trophozoite, pyriform body, oocyst, promastigote, trypmastigote

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16
Q

(intestinal protozoa) trophozoites can transition to cyst/oocyst via (1), and trophozoites have the following traits: (2)

A

1- Encystment

2- metabolically active, motile, replication/multiplication

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17
Q

(intestinal protozoa) cyst/oocyst can transition to trophozoites via (1), and cysts have the following traits: (2)

A

1- Excystment

2- passed in feces, non-motile, resistant to hostile environment, no multiplication

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18
Q

primary sources of intestinal protozoa infections are (1), where protozoa are in (2) form

A

1- fecally contaminated water/food

2- trophozoite / motile form + cysts / non-motile form

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19
Q

Entamoeba histolytica is a (protozoa/metozoa) transmitted via (2) and reproduces (a-/sexually). It has (4) for locomotion, infects (5) to cause (6).

A 
1- protozoa
2- fecal-oral
3- asexually
4- pseudopodia
5- colon
6- bloody diarrhea - amoebic dysentery (+ amoebic liver abscess)
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20
Q

Balantidium coli is a (protozoa/metozoa) transmitted via (2) and reproduces (a-/sexually). It is (highly/im-)motile and infects (5).

A 
1- protozoa
2- fecal-oral
3- asexually
4- highly motile (+ large and ciliated)
5- colon (pigs, humans, rodents)
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21
Q

Giardia lamblia is a (protozoa/metozoa) transmitted via (2) and reproduces (a-/sexually). It infects (4) causing (5).

A 
1- protozoa
2- fecal-oral
3- asexually
4- small intestine
5- malabsorption
(flagellate, worldwide distribution)
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22
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis is a (protozoa/metozoa) transmitted via (2) and reproduces (a-/sexually). It causes (4) as its main symptom.

A 
1- protozoa
2- sex
3- asexually
4- vaginal/penile discharge
(flagellate urogenital parasite)
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23
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum is a (protozoa/metozoa) transmitted via (2) and reproduces (a-/sexually). It is (highly/im-)motile and commonly infect people that are (5).

A 
1- protozoa
2- fecal-oral
3- both asexually/sexually
4- immotile
5- immunocomprimised
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24
Q

Cyclospora cyatenensis is a (protozoa/metozoa) transmitted via (2) and reproduces (a-/sexually). It is (highly/im-)motile and infects (5) causing (6).

A 
1- protozoa
2- fecal-oral
3- both asexually/sexually
4- immotile
5- small intestine mucosa
6- diarrhea (several wks)
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25
Q

Plasmodium spp is a (highly/im-)motile (protozoa/metozoa) transmitted via (3) causing (4). It has the following 4 species: (5).

A 
1- immotile
2- protozoa
3- Anopheles mosquito
4- malaria
5- P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae
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26
Q

Leishmania spp is a (highly/im-)motile (protozoa/metozoa) transmitted via (3) causing (4).

A

1- highly motile
2- protozoa
3- sand flies
4- visceral / cutaneous / mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

27
Q

Trypanosoma is a (protozoa/metozoa) transmitted via (2) in Africa causing (3) or via (4) in South America causing (5).

A 
1- protozoa
2- Tsetse fly
3- sleeping sickness
4- Reduviid big
5- Chaga's disease
28
Q

Toxoplasma gondii is a (protozoa/metozoa) transmitted via (2) causing (3).

A

1- protozoa
2- fecal-oral (oocysts via cat feces)
3- severe manifestations + neonatal toxoplasmosis

29
Q

Malaria is caused by (1) parasite family which in humans matures in (2) and then (3) and finally undergoes sexual reproduction in (4)

A

1- Plasmodium ssp
2- hepatic cycle
3- erythrocytic cycle
4- mosquitos (Anopheles)

30
Q

Naegleria fowleris is a (1) species found in (2). It invades through (3) to affect (4) causing (5).

A 
1- free-living amoeba
2- freshwater (lakes/streams)
3- nasal mucosa
4- brain
5- acute meningoencephalitis
31
Q

Acanthamoeba spp is a (1) species found in (2). It usually contaminates (3) or is contracted via (4) to infect (5) causing (6).

A 
1- free-living amoeba
2- freshwater (lakes/streams)
3- contact solution
4- dust, swimming
5- eye
6- keratitis: eye pain, redness, tearing, loss of vision (potentially)
32
Q

Metazoa parasites are also called (1) and have the following characteristics: (2)

A

1- helminthes (worms)
2- eukaryotic/multicellular, have most organ systems, has head/tail, has tissue differentiation (endo/meso/exo)-derm, spend most of life in host

33
Q

list the 3 main classes of helminthes

A
  • Nemathelminthes (roundworm): Class-Nematoda

- Platyhelminthes (flatworms): Class-Trematoda (flukes), Class-Cestoda (tapeworms)

34
Q

list the methods of metazoa transmission

A

fecal-oral, direct skin penetration, ingestion, insect vector

35
Q

list the infectious form for Cestodes, Nematodes, Trematodes

A
  • Cestodes: proglottid, embryonated egg, cysticercus, cystericercoid
  • Nematodes: egg, filariform larvae, 3rd stage larvae
  • Trematodes: cercaria, mercercaria
36
Q

these three factors of helminthes are most critical to its clinical symptoms, (1); combined with (2) and (3), worms may result in the following, (4)

A

1- size, movement, longevity
2- long-term damage
3- immune stimulation
4- mechanical blockage, pressure from growing parasites, nutritional deficiency

37
Q

Nematode Infections are mostly (1), but the (2) form will cause (3) and the (4) form will cause (5)

A

1- asymptomatic
2- larvae infect lungs
3- asthma/pneumonia-like Sxs, cough, SOB, wheezing
4- adults infect intestines
5- n/v/d, bloody stool, abd pain –> severe infection => malnutrition/weight loss

38
Q

list 4 general features of Nematodes

A

(round worms)

1) cylindrical bodies, complete digestive tract
2) body covered in cuticle, oral opening w/ hooks/suckers to attach to mucosal epithelium
3) male and female sexes (produces eggs w/in human host)
4) presence of worms. larvae, eggs is diagnostic

39
Q

describe Nematode life-cycle

A

1) egg –> hatches
2) larva (4 stages): pre-parasitic, free-living or intermediate host until 3rd stage (then see adult)
3) adult: parasitic, definitive host

40
Q

Ascaris is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode, aka (2) and is transmitted via (3) infecting (4), while also causing (5)

A 
1- nematode (intestinal)
2- roundworm (6-12 in long)
3- fecal-oral
4- small intestine
5- eosinophilia
(worldwide in areas w/ poor hygienic conditions)
41
Q

Enterobius is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode, aka (2) and is transmitted via (3)

A

1- nematode (intestinal)
2- pinworm (few mm long, oval)
3- fecal-oral
(worldwide, usually found in children)

42
Q

Trichuris is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode, aka (2) and is transmitted via (3) causing (4) in heavily infected people

A 
1- nematode (intestinal)
2- whipworm
3- soil
4- diarrhea, rectal prolapse, anemia
(in warm, humid conditions)
43
Q

Ancylostoma and Necator are (ces/nema/trema)-todes, aka (2), and mainly cause (3) in (4) regions

A

1- nematodes (intestinal)
2- hookworms
3- anemia
4- tropical regions

44
Q

Strongyloide is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode and infects (2); a very severe infection in (3) people

A

1- nematode (intestinal)
2- small bowels
3- immuno-comprimised

45
Q

Toxocara is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode and is transmitted via (2); it commonly causes (3) in children

A

1- nematode (tissue)
2- fecal-oral via cats/dogs
3- visceral larva migrans (VLM)

46
Q

Trichinella is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode and is transmitted via (2) to infect (3)

A

1- nematode (tissue)
2- poorly cooked meat
3- striate muscle (Sxs based on location)

47
Q

describe life cycle of tissue nematods

A

1) human ingests undercooked meat with encysted larva
2) larva liberated when cyst is digested
3) parasites mature and mate in upper intestine
4) female worms penetrate mucosa - liberate larva
5) larva carried via bloodstream to muscles (penetrate and encyst)

48
Q

Onchocerca volvulus is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode, is transmitted via (2) and usually causes (3)

A

1- nematode (micro-filarial)
2- black fly (Simulium spp)
3- visual impairment, blindness, severe itchin of skin (River Blindness)

49
Q

filarial nematodes usually affect….

A

lymphatic system

50
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode and causes (2)

A

1- nematode (filarial)

2- lymphatic filariasis

51
Q

Brugia malayi is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode and causes (2)

A

1- nematode (micro-filarial)

2- lymphatic filariasis

52
Q

describe life cycle of filarial nematodes

A

1) fly host ingests via bite of infected person (intermediate host)
2) develops into infectious larva
3) transmission to human via bite
4) lives in lymphatics, skin, subcutaneous tissue, pleural/peritoneal cavities
5) microfilaria in blood / subcutaneous tissue available for fly host via bite

53
Q

list the general features of trematodes (flukes)

A

1) dead end digestive system: nutrients in, digested, expelled thru same opening
2) phylum, platyhelminth, flatworms
3) life cycle requires more than one host –> mollusk and vertebrate

54
Q

Fasciolopsis buski is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode, aka (2) and infects (3) causing (4)

A

1- trematode
2- intestinal fluke
3- upper intestine
4- inflammation, ulceration, hemorrhage of SI
(up to 8 m long- Southeast Asia, also affects pigs)

55
Q

Paragonimius westermani is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode, aka (2) and is transmitted via (3)

A

1- trematode
2- lung fluke
3- ingestion of infected metacercariae in raw/pickled crustaceans
(Far East / Southeast Asia)

56
Q

Fasciola hepatica is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode, aka (2) and is transmitted via (3) infecting (4) causing (5)

A 
1- trematode
2- liver fluke
3- ingestion of infected metacercariae encyted on watercress
4- intrahepatic bile ducts
5- fasioloasis + severe anemia
(also affects sheep)
57
Q

Clonorchis sinensis is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode, aka (2) and is transmitted via (3)

A

1- trematode
2- Chinese liver fluke
3- ingestion of infected metacercariae in raw/pickled crustaceans
(China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan)

58
Q

Schistoma spp are a (ces/nema/trema)-todes, aka (2) and is transmitted via (3). The (4) and (5) species localize to mesenteric veins and (6) localizes to veins around the bladder.

A

1- trematode
2- blood fluke
3- skin penetration (from free-living aquatic larval forms / cercariae)
4/5- S. japanicum, S. mansoni
6- S. haematobium
(characterized by eggs with spines in stool (4/5) or urine (6))

59
Q

list general features of Cestodes (tapeworms)

A
  • several ft long
    1) flat segments / proglottids develop sequentially from head/scolex- which uses suckers/hooks to attach to intestinal epithelium. No digestive tract, absorbs nutrients
    2) hermaphrodites- proglottid produces sperm/egg (proglottids can break off- most mature further from head)
    3) humans are usually definitive host, worse if intermediate host
60
Q

list typical GI symptoms from Cestode infections

A
  • abdominal discomfort
  • diarrhea
  • weight loss
  • B12 deficiency
61
Q

larva from Cestodes can be in the following sites causing more severe diseases…

A

liver, eyes, muscles, ect

62
Q

Taenia saginata is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode, aka (2) and is transmitted via (3) with (4) as presenting symptoms

A 
1- cestode
2- beef tapeworm
3- contaminated / uncooked beef
4- minimal Sxs
(worldwide occurrence)
63
Q

Taenia solium is a (ces/nema/trema)-tode, aka (2) and is transmitted via (3) with (4) as presenting symptoms

A

1- cestode
2- pork tapeworm
3- contaminated / uncooked pork containing cystercerci
4- cysticercosis: cysticeri encyst in muscles/brain => epilepsy
(worldwide occurrence)

64
Q

Echinococcus granulosus, aka (1) and Echinococcus multilocularis, aka (2) are (ces/nema/trema)-todes. (4) results from the ingestion of larval stage and develop into adults cause (5).

A 
1- dog tapeworm
2- rodent tapeworm
3- cestodes
4- Hydatid disease
5- space-occupying lesions of several organs (organ rupture => parasitic release)

TERM 3- Postmidterm (11 decks)

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