Extra Misc. Questions Flashcards
describe HSV make-up
Group I- dsDNA, enveloped
define Acronym for Group I/II viruses
‘Happy / Pap’
- Enveloped: HBV (partial dsDNA), HSV, Pox (cytoplasm)
- Naked: Parvo (ssDNA), Adeno, Papilloma, Polyoma
describe Polio make-up
Group IV- ssRNA (+), naked
define Acronym for Group III/IV viruses
‘Chirping CFTR’
- Enveloped: coronavirus, flavivirus, togavirus, retrovirus
- Naked: calicivirus, hepevirus, reo-/rota-virus (dsRNA), picornavirus
define Acronym for Group V viruses
Note- ssRNA (-), all enveloped — ‘bad prof’
bunya, arena, delta (defective), paramyox (fusion), rhabdo, orthomxyo (nucleus), filo
describe HIV make-up
Group VI- ssRNA(+) retrovirus, enveloped
explain function of gp120, gp41, p24 in HIV
- gp120: VAP, binds CD4+ and co-receptor
- gp41: hydrophobic element is exposed upon gp120 binding => fusion with membrane
- p24: capsid protein (used in early Dx)
describe make-up of HBV
Group VII partial dsDNA, enveloped
HBV binds mucosal cells and hepatocytes via (1). HBV is effective because once it enter the nucleus, (2) occurs
1- HBsAg
2- ssDNA randomly anneals to host genome => oncogenesis
define genetic reassortment, phenotypic mixing, antigenic shift, antigenic drift
- Reassortment: RNA combinations in nucleus
- Phenotypic mixing: new virons that express new protein combination
- Shift: entire event that results in new HA protein in human population (pandemic)
- Drift: random pt mutations that occur normally (annual epidemics)
list the 2 flagellates and 1 ciliates of intestinal protozoa
flagellates: giardia lamblia, trichomonas vaginalis
ciliates: balatidium coli
list the 2 flagellates blood/tissue protozoa
- leshmania (sand fly)
- trypanosoma (tsete fly - African sleeping sickness / American kissing bug - chaga’s)
in cestodes:
- head = (1)
- segments = (2)
1- scolex
2- proglottids
Candida has the following unique characteristics
pseudohyphae and budding yeast
____ is the most common AIDS defining disease
Pneumocyctis jiroecii (PCP)
narrow / low-angle branching hyphae indicates…
aspergillus
list the enveloped DNA viruses
(Happy Pap –> HHP part)
Note all are dsDNA: herpes (linear), hepadna (circular), poxvirus (linear)
list the naked DNA viruses
(Happy Pap –> PAPP part)
- parvo (ssDNA, linear)
- adeno (dsDNA, linear)
- papilloma, polyoma (dsDNA, circular)
list the ssRNA(-) viruses, are the enveloped or naked
(BAD PROF)- all are enveloped
- bunya (seg) or borna (lin)
- arena (seg)
- delta
- paramyox (lin)
- rhabdo (lin)
- orthomyoxo (seg)
- filo (lin)
list the dsRNA and ssRNA(+) viruses, distinguish enveloped or naked
(CAP FaCT = ssRNA (+))
Naked = CAP: calci, astro, picorna
Env. = FCT: flavi, corona, toga
dsRNA = reo/rota, Naked
retroviruses are (enveloped/naked) and include these two types: (2)
1- enveloped
2- lentavirus (HIV), oncovirus
list some viruses that enter via fusion
(enveloped)
HSV, HIV, paramyxovirus
list some viruses that enter via endocytosis and acidification
(enveloped)
influenza
list some viruses that enter via direct entry across plasma membrane
(naked)
poliovirus
list some viruses that enter via endocytosis (only)
(naked)
parvovirus
In granuloma formation:
-macrophages secrete (1) to attract Th1
-Th1 secreted (2) to attract more macrophages
(process repeats until target cells are walled off)
-these microbes usually share (3) feature
1- IL-12
2- IFN-γ
3- microbes avoids endo-lysosomal fusion
describe APS
(autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome)
-self-Ags not presented via surface medullary thymic epithelial cells, involves AIRE
X-linked immunoglobulinemia is a defect in (1) and people are susceptible to (2)
1- BTK (Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase)
2- extracellular + fungal infections
class switching requires ___ cell
Th cell (CD4+): CD40L activating CD40 on B cell (note CD28 (T) binding B7 (B) activates T cell)
compare hippocratic to non-hippocratic oaths
- Hippocratic: Pts best interest 1st
- Non-hippo: balance Pt interest and societal issues
intracellular organisms are usually dealt with by the following cells….
NK cells, Th1 cells
fungal and extracellular organisms are usually dealt with by….
- Th17 cells
- complement via B cells or innate immune system
highlight events and markers of pro-B cell
- H chain recombination starts (RAG1/2)
- H chain ‘J’ junctional diversity via tDt
-CD19 on surface
highlight events and markers of pre-B cell
- H chain recombination ends - L chain recombination starts (RAG1/2)
- cytoplasmic µ
- CD20 on surface
- pre-BCR on surface
highlight events and markers of immature B cell
-L chain recombination ends (RAG1/2)
- IgM on surface
- BCR on surface (+ tolerance induction)
what are the surface markers of mature B cells
IgM, IgD
compare IgM and IgD
- only differ in Constant H chain: same in variable H chain and constant/variable L chain
- occurs via alternate splicing
IgG class-switching is mediated by….
IFN-γ
discuss changes in IL-2R once T cell is activated
IL-2Rβγ (low affinity) –> IL-2Rαβγ (high affinity)
list some sources of superAg
staph exfoliating, shock; Strep pyogenic
what is the major factor of type 1 hypersensitivity desensitization
Th2 —> Th1 response
hematuria and high bilirubin indicates type ___ hypersensitivity
type 2
___ cell is most associated with autoimmune diseases
Treg
describe ALS
(autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome)
-defect in FAS/FASL apoptosis signaling
what are the types of AR-SCID
ADA > PNP
Leishmania are in (1) state in sand flies and (2) state in humans
1- promastigote
2- amastigote
Trypansomes (American and African) are in (1) state in Reduviid Bug/Tsetse Fly and in (2) state in humans; (3) is the intermediate phase before human infection
1- epimastigote
2- trypomastigote
3- metacyclic trypomastigote
Note- American type may convert from trypomastigote to amastigote within humans
