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Biochemistry🧪 > L35: Micronutrients: The Vitamins (aishah) > Flashcards

L35: Micronutrients: The Vitamins (aishah) Flashcards

1
Q

How many water soluble vitamins are required by humans?

A

13

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2
Q

Which type of vitamin is essential?

A

Water soluble vitamins; it gets excreted quickly fa we need to ingest it dietarily daily

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3
Q

What are characteristics of water soluble vitamins?

A
  • they’re removed and excreted by the kidneys
  • they aren’t stored in the body (vit b12 is an exception)
  • they’re generally non-toxic (b6 is an exception)
  • must be part of daily diet
  • fragile and heat sensitive
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4
Q

If you were to choose between boiling and steaming which would you choose?

A

Steaming; you would lose less water

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5
Q

What are the sources of thiamin (b1)?

A
  1. Enriched grains consumed ad breakfast cereals and baked goods
  2. Found in meat and fish > dairy products
  3. Nuts, legumes
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6
Q

Thiamin may be destroyed by?

A
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7
Q

What is the recommended daily intake of thiamin for adults?

A

1.1-1.2 mg/day

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8
Q

What is the key co enzyme for energy producing reactions?

A

Thiamin phyrophosohate (TPP) is an active phosphorylated form of thiamin, it’s a co factor

  1. Pyruvate DEH
  2. Alpha Ketoglutarate
  3. Branched chain oxo-acid DEH
  4. Transketolase
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9
Q

Deficiency if thiamin leads to…

A

Suppression of aerobic metabolism ➡️ lactic acidemia

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10
Q

Requirements of thiamin is increased with…

A
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11
Q

Thiamin and the nervous system:

A
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12
Q

What is beri beri ?

A
  • Beri beri is a disease of the 19th caused by thiamin deficiency (since we know that thiamin plays an important role in the nervous system)
  • high risk population groups still exist
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13
Q

What are the symptoms of beri beri?

A
  1. Depression and weakness ☹️

2. Poor coordination, paralysis, and tingling in the arms and legs 🦵💪🏼

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14
Q

Thiamin deficiency causes what diseases?

A
  1. Beriberi
  2. Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
  3. Common in malnourished alcoholics
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15
Q

Describe wernicke-korsakoffs syndrome

A
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16
Q

How does thiamin deficiency occur in malnourished alcoholics?

A
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17
Q

What are the sources of riboflavin (b2)?

A
  1. Milk **
  2. Red meat, poultry, fish
  3. Whole grains, enriched bread and cereals
  4. Asparagus, broccoli, mushrooms, and green leafy veggies
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18
Q

Features of riboflavin?

A
  1. Heat stable

2. Light sensitive (that’s why glass containers of milk were replaced with thick plastic containers)

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19
Q

What is the daily recommended intake of riboflavin?

A

1.1-1.3 mg/day

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20
Q

What is the function of riboflavin?

A

Transfer of H (electron transport chain)

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21
Q

What are examples of flavoenzymes?

A
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22
Q

How does riboflavin deficiency occur?

A

Occurs in conjunction with deficiencies of other B vitamins

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23
Q

Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency are known as?

A
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24
Q

What are the dietary sources of niacin?

A
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25
Q

De novo synthesis of niacin

A

It’s a non significant source under normal conditions; it doesnt really raise niacin levels in the body since the majority of niacin comes from the diet

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26
Q

What’s the recommended daily intake of niacin?

A

35 mg/day

Akthar mn b1 w b2

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27
Q

Which vitamins are heat stable?

A

Riboflavin and niacin

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28
Q

Niacin is a precursor for?

A
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29
Q

Active co enzymes of Niacin are:

A
30
Q

Which disease does niacin deficiency cause?

And what are the symptoms?

A
31
Q

Biotin is widely distributed in?

What are poor sources of biotin?

A

Widely distributed in nuts and eggs

Poor sources: Fruits and meats

32
Q

True or false

Biotin cannot be synthesized by the body

A

False: it’s synthesized by intestinal microflora

33
Q

Biotin is free or protein bound, how is it freed?

A

It is freed by biotidinase; has to be cleaved by this enzyme in order to be absorbed

34
Q

Daily recommendation of biotin intake?

A
35
Q

Describe biotin dependant carboxylation

A
36
Q

How is biotin deficiency caused?

A

Biotin deficiency is not common

  1. Either ur born with a rare genetic disorder where you have biotidinase deficiency ( which is important to free biotin from protein-bound form and enhances its absorption)

Or

  1. Biotin-avidin interaction over long periods of time
37
Q

How does biotin deficiency occur thru biotin-avidin interactions?

A
38
Q

What are symptoms of biotin deficiency?

A
39
Q

What does severe deficiency of biotin lead to? And how’s it treated?

A
40
Q

Which is the most unstable vitamin?

A

Vitamin C; it’s very susceptible to degradation by heat, light, as well as oxidation

41
Q

What are rich sources of vitamin c?

A
42
Q

Loss of vitamin c is accelerated by?

A

Copper and iron utensils

43
Q

RDA of vitamin C?

A
44
Q

What are vitamin C functions?

A
45
Q

Vitamin C deficiency results in?

A
46
Q

Vitamin A exists in 2 forms:

Shnu il features + where are they found?

A
47
Q

Absorbed vit A….

A
48
Q

What are 2 inter convertible forms of vit A?

A
49
Q

What is the function of retinoic acid?

A
  • gene expression

- cell differentiation and growth

50
Q

Function of carotenoids?

A

Antioxidant

51
Q

What is the recommended intake of vit A for adults?

A
52
Q

Function of vit a and the skin

A

Anti-Aging wrinkles and fine lines

Acne and blemish treatment 

53
Q

Mechanism of how vit a acts on the skin

A
54
Q

What is the most common cause of non-accidental blindness worldwide?

A

Vit A deficiency; very common in children in developing countries

55
Q

Sh problem of vitamin a deficiency

A
56
Q

Non accidental blindness is caused by a reduced intake of

A
57
Q

Vit A toxicity:

A
58
Q

Sources of Vit E, tocopherol

A
59
Q

Vit E us sensitive to destruction by:

A

Oxygen, metals, light and heat

60
Q

Recommended intake of Vit E for adults:

A
61
Q

Vit E requirement increases as what increases?

A
62
Q

Functions of Vit E

A
63
Q

Deficiency of vitamin e leads to?

A
64
Q

Toxicity of Vit E

A
65
Q

List the lipid soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

66
Q

Deficiency in which vitamin causes rbcs hemolysis and nerve damage?

A

Vit E

67
Q

Deficiency in which vit causes blindness?

A

Vit a & riboflavin

68
Q

Deficiency in which vitamin causes scurvy?

A

Vit C (ascorbic acid)

69
Q

Deficiency in which vit causes Pellagra?

A

Niacin (vit b3)

70
Q

Deficiency in which vit causes brittle nails, hair loss, muscke weakness and rashes?

A

Biotin (b7)

71
Q

Deficiency in which vit causes wernicke and korsakoff syndrome?

A

Thiamin

72
Q

Deficiency in which vit causes skin lesions, confusion, and nuclear cataracts and blindness?

A

Riboflavin (vit b2)

Biochemistry🧪 (7 decks)

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