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Physiology > L34 - Reproduction 1 > Flashcards

L34 - Reproduction 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are male reproductive functions?

A

spermatogenesis, hormone secretion, delivery of sperm to the female, fall asleep

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2
Q

What are female reproductive functions?

A

oogenesis, hormone secretion, reception of sperm, fertilization, gestation, parturition, lactation

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3
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin?

A

puberty

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4
Q

When does oogenesis begin?

A

fetal life

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of gametogenesis in males?

A

quiescent till puberty (mitosis stage)

4 sperm per germ cell

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of gametogenesis in females?

A

development in embryo (start of meiosis)
born with all her 1˚ oocytes
1 egg per germ cell

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7
Q

What are the hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropin)
FSH, LH (reproduction)
TSH (thyroid)
GH (growth hormone)

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8
Q

What are the hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

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9
Q

What is GnRH?

A

tropic hormone which releases gonadotropins

GnRH = gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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10
Q

What is LH?

A

luteinizing hormone

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11
Q

What is FSH?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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12
Q

What are the major hormones in males and females?

A

androgens (includes testosterone) are dominant in males
oestrogens are dominant in females
progesterone in females; ‘pro-gestation’
inhibin; negative feedback!

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13
Q

Which cells carry out spermatogenesis?

A

sertoli cells support and regulate spermatogenesis + supply androgen binding protein
leydig cells supply testosterone

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14
Q

How is spermatogenesis regulated?

A

GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland -> LH stimulates leydig cells to release testosterone while FSH stimulates sertoli cells to release cell products which support sperm development

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15
Q

What is the role of testosterone?

A

aids in sperm development and is sent out into the rest of the body to elicit a variety of effects

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16
Q

How is testosterone sequestered in different parts of the body?

A

sertoli cells release androgen-binding protein (ABP) which binds to testosterone and sequesters it inside the testes
in the blood, testosterone binds to serum albumin and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)

17
Q

If you wished to reduce sperm production without inhibiting testosterone levels, you could block production of:

A

FSH

18
Q

Is testosterone secretion continuous from puberty?

A

yes, provides negative feedback to LH and GnRH

19
Q

Which hormones are involved in negative feedback?

A

inhibin and testosterone

20
Q

If a man were to take testosterone supplements…

A

LH levels would decrease

endogenous testosterone production would decrease

21
Q

What happens during the ovarian cycle?

A

a single follicle is selected for maturation -> as it matures, theca and granulosa cells regulate hormonal balance -> ovulation occurs and egg leaves ruptured follicle -> follicle is converted into a corpus luteum

22
Q

Where do the primary hormones come from?

A

GnRH from the hypothalamus
FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
oestrogen, progesterone and inhibin from ovary

23
Q

How is the early to mid follicular phase hormonally controlled?

A

FSH stimulates a follicle to start developing
LH stimulates theca cells to release androgens -> androgens are converted into estrogens by granulosa cells -> estrogens have a local + feedback loop on the granulosa cells to ramp up estrogen production and a - feedback loop on FSH, LH and GnRH which ensures that other follicles aren’t selected

24
Q

What is the role of Anti-Müllerian hormone?

A

reduces sensitivity of other follicles to FSH, allowing a single dominant follicle to emerge

25
Q

How is the late follicular and ovulation phase hormonally controlled?

A

when estrogen reaches a certain level, system switches from - feedback to + feedback resulting in surges in LH and FSH -> LH surge is directly responsible for stimulating ovulation
FSH does not increase as much due to secretion of inhibin

26
Q

How is the early to mid luteal phase hormonally controlled?

A

corpus luteum releases progesterone, estrogen and inhibin
high progesterone maintains the endometrium
inhibin decreases follicles
there is also a decrease in GnRH, LH and FSH

27
Q

How is the late luteal phase hormonally controlled (when no pregnancy)?

A

CL spontaneously dies, low hormones, menses, higher FSH and LH -> new follicle

28
Q

If follicles lost their sensitivity to gonadotropins…

A

GnRH/FSH/LH levels would increase and estrogen levels would decrease

Physiology (33 decks)

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