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Physio Renal > L3: Tranasport Machnism > Flashcards

L3: Tranasport Machnism Flashcards

1
Q
  1. How is paracellular transport defined in the context of substance transport?
    • a) Through the cell
    • b) Between the cell gaps
    • c) Across aquaporins
    • d) None of the above
A

B

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2
Q
  1. What is the primary significance of tight junctions in the tubules regarding paracellular transport?
    • a) Facilitate water reabsorption
    • b) Limit paracellular transport
    • c) Enhance osmotic gradients
    • d) Promote active transport
A

B

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3
Q
  1. Which type of transport involves the movement of substances through the cell?
    • a) Paracellular
    • b) Transcellular
    • c) Osmotic
    • d) Aquaporin
A

B

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4
Q
  1. What is the direction of substance flow in the tubular system?
    • a) Tubular cells to lumen
    • b) Lumen to peritubular capillary
    • c) Peritubular capillary to tubular cells
    • d) Peritubular capillary to lumen
A

B

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5
Q
  1. How would you describe the fluid concentration in the tubules concerning plasma?
    • a) Hypertonic
    • b) Isotonic
    • c) Hypotonic
    • d) Osmotic
A

B

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6
Q
  1. What creates the driving force for ion movement in substance transport?
    • a) Temperature gradient
    • b) Concentration gradient
    • c) Electrical gradient
    • d) Osmotic gradient
A

B

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7
Q
  1. In the first half of the proximal tubule, what is the majority of extracellular fluid (ECF) composition?
    • a) Hypertonic NaCl
    • b) Isotonic NaCl
    • c) Hypotonic NaCl
    • d) Hyperosmotic NaCl
A

B

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8
Q
  1. How is reabsorption of Na+ achieved in the proximal tubule?
    • a) Na/K ATPase
    • b) Aquaporin 1
    • c) Na/Hexchanger
    • d) Na/Cl- exchanger
A

A

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9
Q
  1. What inhibits Na/K ATPase in the reabsorption of Na+?
    • a) Aquaporin
    • b) Ouabain
    • c) Formic acid
    • d) GLUT2
A

B

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10
Q
  1. Why do we need to reabsorb HCO3- in the proximal tubule?
    - a) For buffering
    - b) To maintain osmotic pressure
    - c) To enhance electrical gradients
    - d) For energy production
A

A

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11
Q
  1. When do we find HCO3- in the urine?
    - a) Metabolic acidosis
    - b) Metabolic alkalosis
    - c) Diabetes mellitus
    - d) Hypertension
A

B

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12
Q
  1. What is the main transporter for glucose and Na+ into the cell?
    - a) SGLT1
    - b) GLUT2
    - c) Na/HCO3- cotransporter
    - d) Na/K ATPase
A

A

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13
Q
  1. What happens when the plasma glucose concentration increases?
    - a) Reabsorption decreases
    - b) Reabsorption remains constant
    - c) Reabsorption increases
    - d) Glucose is excreted in urine
A

C

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14
Q
  1. What occurs when we reach the threshold for glucose reabsorption?
    - a) Excessive glucose excretion
    - b) Increased tubular fluid volume
    - c) Glucose is retained in the cell
    - d) Glucose excretion in urine
A

D

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15
Q
  1. In the second half of the proximal tubule, what replaces HCO3- for Na+ reabsorption?
    - a) Glucose
    - b) Formate & Oxalate
    - c) Amino acids
    - d) Pi
A

B

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16
Q
  1. How is Cl- moved into the cell in the second half of the proximal tubule?
    - a) Na/Cl- exchanger
    - b) Anion/Cl- exchanger
    - c) Aquaporin 1
    - d) Na/HCO3- cotransporter
A

B

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17
Q
  1. Why do we have an increase in Cl- in the tubular fluid down the proximal tubule?
    - a) Cl- reabsorption
    - b) Active secretion
    - c) Na/K ATPase activity
    - d) Increased aquaporin expression
A

A

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18
Q
  1. What prevents the presence of proteins in normal urine?
    - a) Tight junctions
    - b) Aquaporins
    - c) Membrane selectivity in the glomerulus
    - d) Na/K ATPase
A

C

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19
Q
  1. How is calcium reabsorbed in the proximal tubules?
    - a) Active transport through NKCC2
    - b) Passive paracellular transport
    - c) Facilitated diffusion through aquaporins
    - d) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
A

B

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20
Q
  1. What triggers the secretion of metabolite products in the proximal tubule?
    - a) Na/K ATPase activity
    - b) Hormones
    - c) Membrane selectivity
    - d) Aquaporin expression
A

B

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21
Q
  1. What is the function of the thin descending loop of Henle?
    - a) Active sodium reabsorption
    - b) Reabsorption of water
    - c) Reabsorption of glucose
    - d) Secretion of ions
A

B

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22
Q
  1. What drives the movement of ions in the thin ascending loop of Henle?
    - a) Passive paracellular transport
    - b) Active sodium reabsorption
    - c) Secretion of ions
    - d) Facilitated diffusion
A

A

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23
Q
  1. Why is the fluid in the thick ascending loop, distal tubule, and collecting duct diluted?
    - a) Active secretion of ions
    - b) Reabsorption of water
    - c) Reabsorption of sodium and chloride
    - d) Increased aquaporin expression
A

C

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24
Q
  1. What inhibits NKCC2 in the thick ascending loop of Henle?
    - a) Aldosterone
    - b) Angiotensin II
    - c) Furosemide
    - d) PTH
A

C

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25
Q
  1. How is calcium reabsorbed in the loop of Henle?
    - a) Active transport in the thin descending loop
    - b) Paracellular pathway in the thick ascending loop
    - c) Facilitated diffusion through aquaporins
    - d) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
A

B

26
Q
  1. Which cells in the distal tubule primarily reabsorb sodium through sodium epithelial channels?
    - a) Principal cells
    - b) Intercalated cells
    - c) Endothelial cells
    - d) Transitional cells
A

A

27
Q
  1. What is the consequence of inhibiting NKCC2 in the thick ascending loop?
    - a) Increased sodium reabsorption
    - b) Decreased calcium reabsorption
    - c) Excretion of sodium and chloride
    - d) Diuresis
A

D

28
Q
  1. How is calcium reabsorbed in the early distal tubule and connecting segment?
    - a) Passive paracellular transport
    - b) Active transcellular transport stimulated by PTH
    - c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
    - d) Facilitated diffusion through aquaporins
A

B

29
Q
  1. Why is there no water reabsorption in the distal tubule?
    - a) High aquaporin expression
    - b) Diluted fluid at this level
    - c) Tight junctions preventing water movement
    - d) Active secretion of water
A

B

30
Q
  1. What is the main driving force for ion movement in the distal tubule?
    - a) Sodium/K ATPase
    - b) Potassium pump
    - c) Electrical gradient
    - d) Osmotic gradient
A

A

31
Q
  1. In the distal tubule, why does inhibiting Na+ reabsorption cause hyperkalemia with acidosis?
    - a) Increased HCO3- reabsorption
    - b) Enhanced glucose excretion
    - c) Decreased K+ secretion
    - d) Elevated tubular fluid positivity
A

C

32
Q
  1. Why do we need to reabsorb calcium in the early distal tubule?
    - a) To prevent kidney stones
    - b) To maintain osmotic pressure
    - c) To stimulate aquaporin expression
    - d) To regulate blood pH
A

A

33
Q
  1. What triggers the secretion of organic anions and cations in the proximal tubule?
    - a) Na/K ATPase
    - b) Membrane selectivity
    - c) Hormones
    - d) Claudins
A

C

34
Q
  1. In the loop of Henle, what causes the movement of cations (Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+) through the tight junction?
    - a) Negative tubular fluid
    - b) Positive tubular fluid
    - c) Increased aquaporin expression
    - d) Active sodium reabsorption
A

B

35
Q
  1. How is calcium reabsorbed in the loop of Henle?
    - a) Active transcellular transport
    - b) Passive paracellular transport
    - c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
    - d) Secretion through aquaporins
A

A

36
Q
  1. Why is calcium not reabsorbed in the thin segment of the loop of Henle?
    - a) Low tubular fluid positivity
    - b) High aquaporin expression
    - c) Hormone-dependent transport
    - d) Absence of transporters
A

D

37
Q
  1. What is the result of inhibiting NKCC2 in the loop of Henle?
    - a) Increased reabsorption of water
    - b) Decreased sodium excretion
    - c) Increased diuresis
    - d) Elevated calcium reabsorption
A

C

38
Q
  1. How is calcium reabsorbed in the early distal tubule and connecting segment?
    - a) Passive paracellular transport
    - b) Active transcellular transport stimulated by PTH
    - c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
    - d) Facilitated diffusion through aquaporins
A

B

39
Q
  1. In the distal tubule, what contributes to excretion of H+?
    - a) Increased aquaporin expression
    - b) Decreased sodium reabsorption
    - c) Elevated tubular fluid negativity
    - d) Active secretion of H+
A

D

40
Q
  1. Why is there no water reabsorption in the distal tubule?
    - a) High aquaporin expression
    - b) Diluted fluid at this level
    - c) Tight junctions preventing water movement
    - d) Active secretion of water
A

B

41
Q
  1. What is the primary function of the thick ascending loop of Henle?
    - a) Reabsorption of water
    - b) Reabsorption of Na and Cl
    - c) Secretion of H+
    - d) Active transport of glucose
A

B

42
Q
  1. How does the thick ascending loop contribute to the dilution of tubular fluid?
    - a) Reabsorption of water
    - b) Active secretion of ions
    - c) Reabsorption of Na and Cl
    - d) Increased aquaporin expression
A

C

43
Q
  1. Which transporter is responsible for Na and HCO3 reabsorption in the thick ascending loop?
    - a) NKCC2
    - b) NHE3
    - c) Na/K ATPase
    - d) ROMK
A

A

44
Q
  1. How is potassium (K+) eliminated from cells in the thick ascending loop?
    - a) Na/K ATPase
    - b) ROMK and BK channels
    - c) Aquaporin 1
    - d) Facilitated diffusion through GLUT2
A

B

45
Q
  1. What is the impact of inhibiting NKCC2 in the thick ascending loop?
    - a) Increased Na and Cl reabsorption
    - b) Decreased K+ excretion
    - c) Enhanced diuresis
    - d) Elevated aquaporin expression
A

C

46
Q
  1. What causes a difference in osmolarity between the tubular fluid and the surrounding environment in the thick ascending loop?
    - a) Active water reabsorption
    - b) Movement of ions through the cell
    - c) Passive paracellular transport
    - d) Increased aquaporin expression
A

B

47
Q
  1. In the thick ascending loop, what happens when water moves through aquaporin 1?
    - a) Osmosis
    - b) Facilitated diffusion
    - c) Solvent drag
    - d) Active transport
A

C

48
Q
  1. Why do we need to reabsorb proteins in the proximal tubule?
    - a) To maintain osmotic pressure
    - b) To prevent proteinuria
    - c) To enhance glucose reabsorption
    - d) To stimulate aquaporin expression
A

B

49
Q
  1. What are the receptors responsible for protein reabsorption in receptor-mediated endocytosis?
    - a) NKCC2
    - b) Megalin and cubulin
    - c) ROMK and BK channels
    - d) NHE3
A

B

50
Q
  1. Why do we need to reabsorb calcium in the proximal tubules?
    - a) To maintain osmotic pressure
    - b) To prevent kidney stones
    - c) To enhance water reabsorption
    - d) To regulate blood pH
A

B

51
Q
  1. What is the primary route for calcium reabsorption in the proximal tubules?
    - a) Active transcellular transport
    - b) Passive paracellular transport
    - c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
    - d) Facilitated diffusion through aquaporins
A

B

52
Q
  1. How is calcium reabsorption regulated in the proximal tubules?
    - a) PTH and vitamin D3
    - b) Aldosterone and angiotensin II
    - c) ROMK and BK channels
    - d) GLUT2
A

A

53
Q
  1. What solutes need to be secreted in the proximal tubule?
    - a) Glucose and amino acids
    - b) Organic anions and cations
    - c) Sodium and chloride
    - d) Potassium and calcium
A

B

54
Q
  1. Which transporters are responsible for secreting metabolite products in the proximal tubule?
    - a) SGLT2 and GLUT2
    - b) MRP2 and OAT
    - c) NKCC2 and NHE3
    - d) Na/K ATPase and aquaporin 1
A

B

55
Q
  1. What is the function of the thin descending loop of Henle?
    - a) Reabsorption of glucose
    - b) Secretion of ions
    - c) Reabsorption of water
    - d) Active transport of amino acids
A

C

56
Q
  1. What drives the movement of ions in the thin ascending loop of Henle?
    - a) Facilitated diffusion
    - b) Active sodium reabsorption
    - c) Passive paracellular transport
    - d) Increased aquaporin expression
A

C

57
Q
  1. Why is the fluid in the thick ascending loop, distal tubule, and collecting duct diluted?
    - a) Active secretion of ions
    - b) Reabsorption of water
    - c) Reabsorption of sodium and chloride
    - d) Increased aquaporin expression
A

C

58
Q
  1. What is the function of the thick ascending loop in the loop of Henle?
    - a) Reabsorption of water
    - b) Reabsorption of Na and Cl
    - c) Secretion of H+
    - d) Active transport of glucose
A

B

59
Q
  1. How does the thick ascending loop contribute to the dilution of tubular fluid?
    - a) Reabsorption of water
    - b) Active secretion of ions
    - c) Reabsorption of Na and Cl
    - d) Increased aquaporin expression
A

C

60
Q
  1. Which transporter is responsible for Na and HCO3 reabsorption in the thick ascending loop?
    - a) NKCC2
    - b) NHE3
    - c) Na/K ATPase
    - d) ROMK
A

A

Physio Renal (2 decks)

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