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Physio Renal > L2: GFR > Flashcards

L2: GFR Flashcards

1
Q
  1. How much of the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is typically reabsorbed?
    a) 75%
    b) 90%
    c) 99%
    d) 50%
A

C

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2
Q
  1. What is the first layer responsible for size selectivity in the glomerular filtration barrier?
    a) Glomerular basement membrane
    b) Bowman’s capsule
    c) Slit diaphragm
    d) Capillary endothelium
A

D

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3
Q
  1. What allows for charge selectivity in the glomerular filtration barrier?
    a) Capillary endothelium
    b) Slit diaphragm
    c) Glomerular basement membrane
    d) Bowman’s capsule
A

C

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4
Q
  1. What charge does the glomerular basement membrane repel?
    a) Positive
    b) Negative
    c) Neutral
    d) Both positive and negative
A

B

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5
Q
  1. What is the main size selective barrier in glomerular filtration?
    a) Capillary endothelium
    b) Slit diaphragm
    c) Bowman’s capsule
    d) Glomerular basement membrane
A

B

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6
Q
  1. What molecules freely pass through the glomerular filtration barrier?
    a) Larger and more positive molecules
    b) Smaller and more positive molecules
    c) Larger and more negative molecules
    d) Smaller and more negative molecules
A

B

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7
Q
  1. Do we normally have uncharged proteins in plasma?
    a) Yes, always
    b) No, only in pathological conditions
    c) Yes, in healthy individuals
    d) No, only during fasting
A

B

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8
Q
  1. Why is the Filtration coefficient (Kf) for the kidney much higher than that of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
    a) The BBB has a convoluted structure
    b) The kidney has fenestrations
    c) The BBB has a larger surface area
    d) The kidney has larger capillaries
A

B

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9
Q
  1. What happens in increased GFR?
    a) Small effect on urine output
    b) Large effect on urine output in the absence of autoregulation
    c) Decreased urine output
    d) No impact on urine output
A

B

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10
Q
  1. What is the requirement to assess renal plasma flow (RPF)?
    a) A molecule that leaks into cells
    b) A molecule that is partially cleared in one flow
    c) A freely soluble molecule, not leaked into cells, and fully cleared in one flow
    d) A molecule that is highly charged
A

C

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11
Q
  1. What is in the urine equivalent to what was in the plasma?
    a) Volume of urine
    b) Concentration in urine
    c) Concentration in plasma
    d) Both b and c
A

D

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12
Q
  1. What substance is commonly used to assess renal plasma flow?
    a) Glucose
    b) Urea
    c) Para-aminohippurate (PAH)
    d) Creatinine
A

C

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13
Q
  1. What is the usual pressure difference between Afferent and Efferent arteriole?
    a) 5 mmHg
    b) 10 mmHg
    c) 15 mmHg
    d) 20 mmHg
A

B

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14
Q
  1. When do we usually have high oncotic pressure?
    a) During normal kidney function
    b) In the presence of kidney stones
    c) During urine obstruction (stasis)
    d) In cases of increased renal plasma flow
A

C

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15
Q
  1. What is the usual oncotic pressure in the efferent capillary?
    a) Low
    b) Moderate
    c) High
    d) Variable
A

C

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16
Q
  1. How can sympathetic innervation affect GFR?
    a) Only affects Afferent arteriole
    b) Only affects Efferent arteriole
    c) Affects tone of both Afferent and Efferent arteriole
    d) Has no impact on GFR
A

C

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17
Q
  1. What is the effect of increasing resistance in the Afferent arteriole on GFR?
    a) Increases GFR
    b) Decreases GFR
    c) Has no impact on GFR
    d) Leads to variable changes in GFR
A

B

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18
Q
  1. What happens to renal blood flow (RBF) in Phase 2 (severe constriction) of Efferent arteriole resistance?
    a) Increases
    b) Decreases
    c) Remains unchanged
    d) Causes a biphasic response
A

B

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19
Q
  1. What is the effect of Efferent constriction by angiotensin II on Glomerular pressure and RPF?
    a) Both decrease
    b) Both increase
    c) Glomerular pressure decreases, RPF increases
    d) Glomerular pressure increases, RPF decreases
A

C?

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20
Q
  1. How does sympathetic innervation affect GFR during severe conditions?
    a) Increases GFR
    b) Decreases GFR
    c) Has no impact on GFR
    d) Causes a biphasic response
A

D

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21
Q
  1. What is the role of prostaglandins in the sympathetic response to GFR?
    a) Oppose and decrease vasoconstriction
    b) Enhance vasoconstriction
    c) Have no impact on sympathetic innervation
    d) Increase filtration fraction
A

A

22
Q
  1. What causes an increase in GFR during Afferent dilation by NO, ANP & prostaglandins?
    a) Decreased Glomerular pressure
    b) Increased Filtration fraction
    c) Afferent arteriole dilation
    d) Reduced renal blood flow (RBF)
A

C

23
Q
  1. What is the effect of natriuretic peptide (ANP) release during atrial stretch on GFR?
    a) Increases GFR
    b) Decreases GFR
    c) Has no impact on GFR
    d) Causes biphasic changes in GFR
A

A

24
Q
  1. How is glucose coupled to sodium in the context of hyperglycemia?
    a) Decreases sodium excretion
    b) Increases sodium excretion
    c) Has no impact on sodium excretion
    d) Causes sodium retention
A

B

25
Q
  1. What happens in response to decreased sodium sensed at the macula densa?
    a) Decreases RBF and GFR
    b) Increases RBF and GFR
    c) Has no impact on RBF and GFR
    d) Causes variable changes in RBF and GFR
A

B

26
Q
  1. Which substance is used for the assessment of renal plasma flow (RPF)?
    a) Creatinine
    b) Inulin
    c) Para-aminohippurate (PAH)
    d) Cystatin C
A

C

27
Q
  1. Why is inulin not practical for assessing GFR?
    a) It is too expensive
    b) It is toxic to the kidneys
    c) It must be injected
    d) It interferes with other renal functions
A

C

28
Q
  1. What is the role of cystatin C in GFR assessment?
    a) It increases GFR accuracy
    b) It is toxic to the kidneys
    c) It interferes with other renal functions
    d) It is used as a replacement for inulin
A

A

29
Q
  1. How does natriuretic peptide (ANP) release during atrial stretch affect excretion of Na+?
    a) Increases Na+ excretion
    b) Decreases Na+ excretion
    c) Has no impact on Na+ excretion
    d) Causes variable changes in Na+ excretion
A

A

30
Q
  1. What is the impact of protein malnutrition on GFR?
    a) Increases GFR
    b) Decreases GFR
    c) Has no impact on GFR
    d) Causes variable changes in GFR
A

B

31
Q
  1. Why is proteinuria associated with increased oncotic pressure in the efferent capillary?
    a) Large fluid difference between Afferent and Efferent arterioles
    b) Increased protein synthesis in the liver
    c) Glomerular plasma oncotic pressure decreases
    d) No association between proteinuria and oncotic pressure
A

A

32
Q
  1. How does increased blood flow affect oncotic pressure in the kidneys?
    a) Increases oncotic pressure
    b) Decreases oncotic pressure
    c) Maintains oncotic pressure
    d) Causes variable changes in oncotic pressure
A

B

33
Q
  1. What is the consequence of decreased flow rate on GFR through increased oncotic pressure?
    a) Increases GFR
    b) Decreases GFR
    c) Has no impact on GFR
    d) Leads to biphasic changes in GFR
A

B

34
Q
  1. What happens when there is increased time for filtration and a greater difference in protein between Afferent and Efferent arterioles?
    a) Increased oncotic pressure
    b) Decreased oncotic pressure
    c) No change in oncotic pressure
    d) Variable changes in oncotic pressure
A

A

35
Q
  1. How does sympathetic innervation affect renal blood flow (RBF)?
    a) Increases RBF
    b) Decreases RBF
    c) Has no impact on RBF
    d) Causes variable changes in RBF
A

B

36
Q
  1. What is the relationship between protein malnutrition and oncotic pressure?
    a) Protein malnutrition increases oncotic pressure
    b) Protein malnutrition decreases oncotic pressure
    c) No relationship between protein malnutrition and oncotic pressure
    d) Protein malnutrition causes variable changes in oncotic pressure
A

A

37
Q
  1. How does the presence of uncharged proteins in plasma affect GFR?
    a) Increases GFR
    b) Decreases GFR
    c) Has no impact on GFR
    d) Causes variable changes in GFR
A

B

38
Q
  1. What is the primary effect of NSAIDs on GFR?
    a) Increases GFR
    b) Decreases GFR
    c) Maintains GFR
    d) Causes variable changes in GFR
A

B

39
Q
  1. How does Afferent dilation by NO, ANP & prostaglandins affect renal blood flow (RBF)?
    a) Increases RBF
    b) Decreases RBF
    c) Maintains RBF
    d) Causes variable changes in RBF
A

A

40
Q
  1. What is the primary consequence of increased natriuretic peptide (ANP) release during atrial stretch?
    a) Increased GFR
    b) Decreased GFR
    c) Has no impact on GFR
    d) Causes variable changes in GFR
A

A

41
Q
  1. How does adrenaline, through sympathetic innervation, affect the Afferent arteriole?
    a) Causes constriction
    b) Leads to dilation
    c) Maintains the same tone
    d) Has no impact on the Afferent arteriole
A

A

42
Q
  1. What is the effect of adrenaline on the release of prostaglandins?
    a) Increases prostaglandin release
    b) Decreases prostaglandin release
    c) Has no impact on prostaglandin release
    d) Causes variable changes in prostaglandin release
A

A

43
Q
  1. Why are NSAIDs considered risky in terms of GFR?
    a) They enhance GFR
    b) They decrease GFR
    c) They have no effect on GFR
    d) They cause variable changes in GFR
A

B

44
Q
  1. What is the primary mechanism of action of Afferent dilation by NO, ANP & prostaglandins?
    a) Decreases RBF
    b) Increases GFR
    c) Causes constriction of the Afferent arteriole
    d) Has no impact on RBF or GFR
A

B

45
Q
  1. How does protein malnutrition affect the filtration fraction?
    a) Increases filtration fraction
    b) Decreases filtration fraction
    c) Has no impact on filtration fraction
    d) Causes variable changes in filtration fraction
A

B

46
Q
  1. What is the consequence of decreased GFR during sympathetic innervation in severe conditions?
    a) Decreased filtration fraction
    b) Increased filtration fraction
    c) Maintained filtration fraction
    d) Variable changes in filtration fraction
A

A

47
Q
  1. Why is inulin impractical for assessing GFR?
    a) It is expensive
    b) It must be injected
    c) It interferes with other renal functions
    d) It is toxic to the kidneys
A

B

48
Q
  1. What is the most precise molecule used with creatinine for GFR assessment?
    a) Inulin
    b) Cystatin C
    c) Glucose
    d) Para-aminohippurate (PAH)
A

B

49
Q
  1. How does ANP release during atrial stretch affect the Afferent arteriole?
    a) Causes constriction
    b) Leads to dilation
    c) Maintains the same tone
    d) Has no impact on the Afferent arteriole
A

B

50
Q
  1. What is the primary impact of hyperglycemia on renal plasma flow (RPF) and GFR?
    a) Decreases both RPF and GFR
    b) Increases both RPF and GFR
    c) Decreases RPF, increases GFR
    d) Increases RPF, decreases GFR
A

C

Physio Renal (2 decks)

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