L3: The Rock Cycle

Question 1

Fill out the table

Answer 1

Notes

Question 2

Igenous Rocks

Answer 2

SOURCE: Melting of rocks in hot, deep crust and upper mantle

ROCK FORMING PROCESS: Crystallization (solidification of magma)

Question 3

Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 3

SOURCE: Weathering and erosion of rocks exposed at surface

ROCK FORMING PROCESS Deposition, burial, and lithification

Question 4

Metamorphic Rocks

Answer 4

SOURCE: Rocks under high temperatures and pressures in deep crust and upper mantle
ROCK FORMING PROCESS: Recrystallization in solid state of new minerals

Question 5

How do igneous rocks form?

Answer 5

Form by the crystallization of magma

Question 6

What is magma?

Answer 6

A mass of molten rock that originates from deep within the crust or upper mantle

Question 7

How is magma formed? (the process)

Answer 7

• Temps. May reach >1000 degrees
• Slowly begins to cool beneath earth’s surface, microscopic crystals begin to form
• W/ sufficient time, these rocks may grow to several mm before the whole mass gets crystallized as a coarse grained igneous rock (aka intrusive igneous rocks)
• • As magma moves up it begins to cool
• When magma erupts out of a volcano it cools and solidifies so rapidly that it does not have time to form large crystals (extrusive)

Question 8

Underground = _______, above ground = _______

Answer 8

• Intrusive

- Extrusive

Question 9

List and describe the types of volcanism

Answer 9

• Ocean-ocean convergence: Mafic to intermediate intrusives (plutonism), Mafic to intermediate extrusives (volcanism)
• Hot spot: basaltic intrusives, basaltic extrusives
• Spreading center: basaltic intrusives, basaltic extrusives
• Ocean-continent convergence Mafic to intermediate intrusives, Mafic to intermediate extrusives

Question 10

What are extrusive igneous rocks?

Answer 10

Cool rapidly on earth’s surface and are fine grained

Question 11

What are intrusive igneous rocks?

Answer 11

Cook slowly in earth’s interior, allowing large and coarse crystals to form

Question 12

How are extrusive pyroclasts formed?

Answer 12

Form in violent eruptions from lava thrown high in the air

Question 13

How are porphyritic crystals formed

Answer 13

Start to grow beneath Earth’s surface. Some crystals grow large, but the remaining melt cools faster, forming smaller crystals either bc its erupted to the surface or bc its intruded close to earth’s surface

Question 14

List examples of mafic minerals.

Answer 14

• Basalt

- Gabbro

Question 15

List examples of felsic minerals

Answer 15

• Rhyolite

- Granite

Question 16

Define sedimentation

Answer 16

Found on earth’s surface as loose particles (ex. Sand, silt, clay)

Question 17

What are clastic sediments?

Answer 17

Particles that are physically deposited by running water, wind, or ice

Question 18

What is lithification?

Answer 18

• When sediments are buried, compacted, and cemented

- When lithification occurs sand, silt, clay = sandstone, siltstone, shale

Question 19

Define chemical/biochemical elements.

Answer 19

• Sediments of new mineral grains that form by precipitation from water after a state or supersaturation is achieved
• Bio: Forms a skeleton
• Chem: Sal/sea salt (precipitation)

Question 20

Define the stages of sedimentary rock formation.

Answer 20

1. Weathering: physically and chemically breaks down rock
2. Erosion: Carries away particles produced by weathering (ex. Carried by wind or glaciers)
3. Transportation: Move particles downhill via streams, glaciers, wind
4. Deposition (aka sedimentation): Occurs when particles settle out or dissolved minerals precipitate
5. Burial: Occurs as layers of sediment accumulate and compact previous layers
   Diagenesis: Lithifies the sediment to make sedimentary rocks (alter things)

Question 21

______ -> _________ -> sedimentation

Answer 21

• Erosion

- Transport

Question 22

What does it mean to make a mineral stable?

Answer 22

The slower it reacts

Question 23

What is Bowen’s reaction?

Answer 23

Determines melt/crystallization order in igneous rocks

Question 24

What are the 3 different sediments that result in different sedimentary rocks?

Answer 24

• Fine grained
• Coarse grained
• Organic matter

Question 25

What are metamorphic rocks?

Answer 25

• Produced when high temps and high pressures deep in the Earth’s crust cause existing rocks to change their mineralogy, texture, or chemical composition while maintaining the solid form
• Temp. range is typically between 700° - 2500°

Question 26

What is regional metamorphism?

Answer 26

• Occurs when high temps. + pressures extend over large regions, as happens during mountain building
• Convergent plate boundaries occurs @ moderate to deep levels under moderate to ultra-high pressures and high temps

Question 27

What is contact metamorphism?

Answer 27

• High temperatures are restricted to smaller areas
• Ex. rocks near and in contact with an intrusion
• Affects a thin zone of country rock around an igneous intrusion

Question 28

Types of metamorphism

Answer 28

Regional, contact

Question 29

What 4 elements need to be present to complete the rock cycle

Answer 29

Water, biosphere, ecology, atmosphere

Question 30

Define the stages in the rock cycle.

Answer 30

Check lecture diagrams

Question 31

What are the links to global climate?

Answer 31

Check notebook