L3 Pt. 2

Question 1

Chars. Of TCC

Answer 1

• most common form of canine bladder cancer
• most common in trigone
• increased incidence in females, scotties, shelties, and beagles
• uncommon in cats, cattle
• cows that eat bracken fern can get
• assoc. with dysuria, hematuria, pollakiuria, bladder mass on US/rectal

Question 2

Best sample collection technique to get sample of TCC

Answer 2

traumatic catheterization

• cystoscopy more expensive
• 30% of free catches will have cells
• aspiration can seed abdomen with cancer cells; only perform if owner wants an answer but doesn’t want to treat

Question 3

Cytological appearance of TCC

Answer 3

• large sheets of cells
• distinct cytoplasmic borders in some cases
• malignant features: large, irregular nucleoli, areas of light and dark, binucleation, nuclear molding, high N:C ratio, anisokaryosis
• can have large cytoplasmic vacuoles filled with pink secretory material (“signet ring”)

Question 4

Chars. Of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 4

• more common in older intact dogs
• assoc. with uniform enlargement of the prostate
• may or may not be painful
• cytology appears like a uniform sheet of epithelial cells in a honeycomb pattern

Question 5

Chars. Of prostatic carcinoma

Answer 5

• most common in older dogs >10 yrs
• irregularly enlarged, nodular, firm, painful
• dysuria +/- hematuria may be present
• mineralization common
• locally invasive, but can met to LN, other organs, and axial skeleton

Question 6

Chars. Of Neuroendocrine neoplasms in general

Answer 6

• tumors of chemoreceptors and endocrine glands (thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, adrenal gland, carotid and aortic body)
• exfoliate well
• have free nuclei in background of cytoplasm (fragile cells)
• have uniform populations with minimal atypia - difficult to call malignant
• require histo to call malignant

Question 7

Chars. Of Canine Thyroid neoplasms

Answer 7

• neuroendocrine tumor
• typical presentation = mass on ventral neck to thoracic inlet
• common in boxers, beagles, goldens
• 90% malignant
• usually not biochemically active/secretory
• locally invasive and will met as they grow bigger
• tx of choice = surgical excision
• thyroid and parathytoid tumors look same, except parathyroid more likely to be hypercalcemic

Question 8

Cytologic appearance of canine thyroid neoplasms

Answer 8

• uniform pop. Of nuclei in background of cytoplasm
• few distinct cytoplasmic borders
• aspirates may be heavily blood contaminated
• typical neuroendocrine appearance
• colloid (pink) and tyrosine (dk purple/black) granules

Question 9

Chars. Of feline thyroid neoplasms

Answer 9

• may be cystic or bilateral
• usually benign in cats
• biochemically active (hypersecretion of thyroid hormones)
• adenocarcinomas locally invasive (40-70% met to regional LN)
• adenomas most common, but requires histo to dx
• can cause hyperthyroidism in cats
• look similar to canine

Question 10

Equine thyroid tumors

Answer 10

• common in horses > 16 yrs
• most benign
• usually nonfunctional
• adenocarcinoma possible

Question 11

Chars. Of parathyroid neoplasia

Answer 11

• uncommon
• dx relies on lab findings
• majority benign
• adenocarcinomas uncommon

Question 12

Name 3 urogenital tumors

Answer 12

• Transitional cell carcinoma
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Prostatic adenocarcinoma

Question 13

Chars. Of transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 13

• most common form of canine bladder cancer
• most commonly in the trigone
• increased incidence in females
• scotties, shelties, and beagles

Question 14

Chars. Of Endocrine pancreatic neoplasia

Answer 14

• insulinoma (tumor of islet/beta cells)
• overproduces insulin
• most common in large breeds >5yrs, ferrets
• assoc. with hypoglycemia
• can dx. With insulin:glucose ratio
• usually a small lesion that is biologically active
• frequently malignant (mets to LIV, LN)

Question 15

Cytologic appearance of endocrine pancreatic neoplasia (insulinoma)

Answer 15

• neuroendocrine
• numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles
• usually get samples from imprints from surgery

Question 16

Chemoreceptor tumors (Paragangliomas) include:

Answer 16

• chemodectomas: aortic body and carotid body tumors
• pheochromocytomas
• most common in dogs

Question 17

Chars. Of heartbase tumors (aortic body)

Answer 17

• type of chemodectoma (chemoreceptor tumor)
• most common in dogs, esp. Brachys >6 yrs
• usually present with pericardial effusions and CS of R heart failure
• generally slow-growing, multi-lobulated, encapsulated mass
• can be benign or malignant
• if malignant can invade myocardium
• can met to veins or lymphatics

Question 18

Cytologic appearance of heartbase tumors

Answer 18

• highly cellular
• neuroendocrine
• round nuclei
• degree of anisokaryosis varies

Question 19

Cortex of adrenal gland produces:

Answer 19

• mineralocorticoids
• glucocorticoids
• adrenal androgens

Question 20

Medulla of adrenal gland produces:

Answer 20

• catecholamines
• epinephrine
• norepinephrine

Question 21

Functional adenoma/adenocarcinoma –>

Answer 21

Hyperadrenocorticism and/or hyperaldosteronism (cats)

Question 22

Chars. Of adrenocortical tumors

Answer 22

• primarily in the dog or ferret
• causes CS of hyperadrenocorticism due to hypersecretion of corticosteroids
• adenomas surgically resectable
• adenocarcinomas locally invasive to veins, LIV

Question 23

Cytologic appearance of adrenocortical tumors

Answer 23

• neuroendocrine
• dense, cytoplasmic vacuolization
• degree of anaplasia depends on adenoma vs. adenocarcinoma

Question 24

Chars. Of Pheochromocytoma

Answer 24

• tumor of adrenal medulla chromaffin cells
• produces catecholamines
• can be benign or malignant
• rare tumor
• older dogs
• up to 50% incidental finding
• 50% asymptomatic
• can locally invade CVC or met to LIV, LU
• 50% occurence of concurrent neoplasms
• > 10% have concurrent hyperadrenocorticism

Question 25

Cytologic appearance of pheochromocytoma

Answer 25

• neuroendocrine
• variable degrees of anaplasia
• may see multinucleated cells