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Cytodiagnostics (Spring 2016) > L10: Resp. And Ocular Cytology > Flashcards

L10: Resp. And Ocular Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

BAL fluid must be concentrated by centrifuge for cytology

A

:)

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2
Q

Preservation of BAL sample

A

-if >24 hrs, preserve w/ at least 4 drops of patient/s serum per mL of BAL fluid

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3
Q

Normal TTW/BAL cyto findings

A
  • small amt. mucus (looks blue)
  • alveolar macs
  • resp. Columnar Epithelial cells

*oropharyngeal contamination common

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4
Q

Signs of oropharyngeal contamination of BAL/TTW sample

A
  • squamous epithelial cells
  • Simonsiella sp. (look like big rods)
  • lots more bacteria (extracellular)
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5
Q

Types of inflammation in BAL/TTW

A
  • neutrophilic
  • mixed (macs, neuts, lymphs)
  • eosinophilic
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6
Q

Chars. Of neutrophilic inflammation of TTW/BAL

A

> 5-10% neuts in absence of blood contamination

-Can be infectious/septic (intracellular bact. Present, degenerate neuts) or non-infectious/non-septic

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7
Q

Causes of non-septic neutrophilic inflamm.

A
  • tissue irritation
  • tissue necrosis (2ary to inhaled toxin)
  • ARDS
  • Inflammatory airway dz
  • Recurrent airway obstruction/heaves in horses
  • Neoplasia
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8
Q

Causes of SEPTIC neutrophilic inflamm. W/ BAL/TTW

A
  • bacterial
  • fungal
  • protozoal
  • viral
  • nematode
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9
Q

Chars. Of mixed/pyogranulomatous inflamm.

A
  • primarily macs, lymphs w/ some neuts
  • sign of chronic inflamm./infection
  • Ddx: bronchitis, heaves, fungal, protozoal, viral, FB, lipid pneumonia
  • macs become reactive, multinucleated
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10
Q

Chars. Of eosinophilic inflammation

A

> 5-10% eos in dogs, >20% in cats, >1% in horses

Assoc. w/ inc. mucus prod. (Appear as purple granules)

Causes:

  • allergic/hypersensitivity rxn most common
  • parasites
  • eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
  • lymphomatoid granulomatosis
  • inflamm. Airway dz in horses
  • feline asthma
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11
Q

Causes of hemorrhage in TTW/BAL

A
  • Exercise-induced pulm. Hem.
  • asthma (chronic cough)
  • trauma
  • coagulopathies
  • thromboembolic dz
  • neoplasia

Cyto evidence:

  • erythrophagia
  • hemosiderin in macs
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12
Q

Neoplasia seen on TTW/BAL

A
  • very rarely seen!
  • Ddx: bronchogenic carcinomas, angiocentic T cell lymphoma w/ lymphomatoid granulomatosis
  • can see eosinophilic inflamm. w/T cell lymphoma
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13
Q

Corneal tumors

A
  • uncommon in SA

- SCC in LA can involve the cornea

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14
Q

Corneal eosinophilic inflamm.

A

-assoc. with white raised lesions

Ddx: immune-mediated, allergic/hypersensitivity, parasitic, eosinophilic conjunctivitis

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15
Q

Corneal pyogranulomatous inflammation ddx

A

Pannus (immune-mediated condition)
KCS
FB

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16
Q

Corneal neutrophilic keratitis

A

-usually has bacterial (more common in SA) or fungal cause (LA)

17
Q

Eosinophilic conjunctivitis in cats ddx

A

Allergic/hypersensitivity
-assoc. with inc. mast cells, keratitis
Immune-mediated
-assoc. with steroid use

18
Q

Eosinophilic Conjunctivitis in horses-

A
  • similar to cats
  • immune-mediated
  • Habronema or Onchocerca
19
Q

Ocular INFLAMMATORY tissue masses

A

1) Chalazion
- arises from meibomian gland
- lipogranuloma
- char. By many foamy macs with some neuts and lymphs

2) Hordeolum
- purulent
- arises from inflamm. Of the meibomian gland also
- char. Mainly by inc. Neuts

*can’t differentiate cytologically

20
Q

Ocular NEOPLASTIC lesions

A
  • Meibomian gland adenomas
  • Sebaceous epithelioma
  • SCC (LA)
  • MCT
  • Melanoma
21
Q

Normal ocular scraping

A
  • superficial squamous epithelium
  • occasional lymphocyte
  • melanin pigment (don’t confuse w/ bacteria)
22
Q

Ddx of ocular neutrophilic inflamm.

A
  • numerous agents

- can be 2ary to KCS, Distichiasis, traumatic injury, FB, neoplasia

23
Q

Chlamydiosis

A
  • common cause of neutrophilic conjunctivitis in cats, horses, guinea pig
  • dz of the eyelids
  • results in discrete, basophilic, cytoplasmic inclusions in epithelial cells seen in first 4-7 days of infection
24
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

A
  • inc. # of goblet cells –> inc. mucus prod.
  • or not enough aqueous prod.
  • assoc. with neutrophilic inflamm./infection
25
Q

Causes of lymphocytic/plasmacytic conjunctivitis

A
  • acute stage of viral infections
  • follicular conjunctivitis (which is usually caused by allergies or antigenic stim. From something else in env.)
  • Allergic/immune-mediated
26
Q

Chars. Of viral conjunctivitis

A
  • Acute form –> lymphocytes, plasma cells predominate
  • Chronic form –> neuts predominate
  • FHV, K9 distemper, equine adenovirus can cause
27
Q

TTW sample handling

A
  • place in purple and/or red top

- prepare direct smears for cytology with MUCOID MATERIAL if present*

Cytodiagnostics (Spring 2016) (12 decks)

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