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fun-bio > L.3 - lipids & nucliec acids > Flashcards

L.3 - lipids & nucliec acids Flashcards

1
Q

What group of cpds are lipids in?

A
  • heterogeneous group of cpds
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2
Q

What does lipids consist of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen (hydrophobic) and few oxygen

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3
Q

When are lipids soluble and non soluble?

A

Soluble in non-polar solvents (such as ether, chloroform)

Generally insoluble in water

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4
Q

What are the 5 important lipids?

A
  • fats
  • phospholipids
  • carotenoids
  • waxes
  • steroids
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5
Q

What are the roles of lipids/& function?

A
  • energy storage
  • hormone
  • vision
  • protection
  • cell membranes
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6
Q

What are triacylglycerols (fats)

A
  • most abundant lipids in living organisms
  • the main storage lipid
  • when metabolized, yields 2x as much energy as carbs
  • carbs and proteins can be transformed by enzymes into fats
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7
Q

What is the structure of triacylglycerol (fatty acid)

A

Look at diagram & draw

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8
Q

What are the types of fatty acids?

A
  • Saturated - contain max possible number of hydrogen atoms
  • unsaturated - include 1 or more adjacent pairs of carbon atoms joined by a double bond
  • monounsaturated - one double bond
  • polyunsaturated- more than 1 double bond
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9
Q

What type of lipids are phospholipids? What is its function?

A
  • amphipathic lipids
  • 2 ends differ physically and chemically
  • functions as fundamental components of cell membranes
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10
Q

Know the phospholipid diagram !

A

!!!!

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11
Q

Phospholipid vs phospholipid bilayer?

A

Phospholipid
• Consists of a hydrophobic tail made up of two fatty acids and a hydrophilic head which includes a glycerol bonded to a phosphate group which intern is bonded to an organic group that can vary.

Phospholipid bilayer
• Phospholipids form lipid bilayers in which the hydrophilic heads interact with water and the hydrophobic tails are in the bilayer interior.

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12
Q

What pigments do carotenoids give off?

A
  • orange and yellow
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13
Q

Which macromolecule are carotenoids classified into?

A
  • lipids
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14
Q

What role do carotenoids play?

A
  • a role in photosynthesis
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15
Q

What do carotenoids consist of?

A
  • isoprene units
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16
Q

What do animals convert carotenoids into?

A
  • vitamin A
17
Q

Know the structures of isoprene subunit, beta carotene, point of cleavage, vitamin A, retinal

A

!!!! (SLIDE 13)

18
Q

What is the structure of steroids?

A
  • carbon atoms in 4 attached rings
19
Q

What do steroids consist of?

A
  • isoprene units.
20
Q

Whaat are the 3 main examples of steroids?

A
  • cholesterol - essential components of animal cell membrane
  • cortisol - steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal glands
21
Q

What are steroids involved in?

A

A regulating metabolism

22
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A
  • transmits hereditary information
  • determine what proteins a cell manufacturers
23
Q

What are the two classes of nucleic acids found in cells?

A
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
  • RNA (ribonucleic acid)
24
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers of…

A

Nucleotides

25
Q

What are the components of nucleotides

A
  • 5 carbon sugar - dna or rna
  • one of more phosphate groups
  • nitrogenous base of either a double ring purine or a single ring pyrimidine
26
Q

What are the purines and what are the pyrimidinds?

A

Purines - adenine & guanine
Pyrimidines - cytosine & thymine & uracil

27
Q

What nitrogen bases are found in dna and what are found in rna?

A

cytosine & thymine - DNA ONLY
uracil - RNA ONLY
adenine & guanine - BOTH

28
Q

What is DNA?

A
  • a double started helix (2 chains)
  • G-C
  • A-T
29
Q

What is RNA?

A
  • single stranded (one chain)
  • nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester linkages
30
Q

Study gene expression (transcription!)

A
31
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • high energy currency of the cell
32
Q

What is the structure of ATP (adenosine tri phosphate)

A

(Memorize how diagram looks like)
- gamma phosphate group
- alpha phosphate group
- beta phosphate group
- ribose
- nitrogen base

33
Q

What is cyclic AMP? What is its function?

A
  • a nucleotide
  • cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
  • cell signalling
  • transfers the effects of hormones into cells
  • example: glucagon & Adrenalin which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. It is also involved in the activation of protein kinases.

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